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GBL Midterm
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- 1Global Commodity Chainvalue-adding chains, global industries, and the sellers of global products
- 2Examples of barriers to the neoliberal ideal of free trade as seen in the t-shirt global commodity chainthe WTO (heavily controlled by the US) ruled that the US violated global trade rules giving it a great advantage -> American subsidies put producers in other countries at a disadvantage
China produces best quality tshirts at the lowest price. Multi-Fiber Agreement prevented China from getting access to all of the market for tshirts.mal - 3Race to the bottomcountries involved in a downward spiral of competativeness (for less "developed" countries to compte and succeed in the global economy, they must uncercut the competition by offering ower wages, poorer working conditions, etc.)
- 4Industrial upgradingnation-states, firms, and even workers move from low-value to relatively high-value production. this can occur in four sequential stages- assembly, original equipment manufacture, original brand name manufacturing, and original design manufacturing. varying degrees of movement up this heirarchy.
- 5Outsourcing (and offshore)transfer of activities once performed by an entity to a business(es) in exchange for money
offshore outsourcing - most closely and importantly associated with globalization. transfer of activities to entities in other countries. many benefits and costs. - 6hyperconsumptionbuying more than one can afford
- 7hyperdebtowing more than one will be able to pay
- 8Consumption processes and global resistance to themIncreasing number of people know what to do as consumers. Consumption processes have similarity throughout the world
- 9Neoliberalism (what is it, what ideas does it consist of, what are some critiques of it)liberal commitment to individual liberty, abelief in the free market and opposition to state itnervention in it
For one thing, its authoritarianism co-exists uncomfortably with its supposed interest in individual freedom and democracy. For another, while it is committed to stability, its operations, especially in support of financial (and other) speculation, leads to increased instability (as is clear from the Great Recession and austerity measures). Then there is its commitment to competition while it actually operates on behalf of monopolization. Most generally, there is the contradiction that its public support for the well-being of everyone is given the lie by its actions in support of the economic elites. - 10structural adjustmentConditions of economic “restructuring” imposed by organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF on borrowing nation-states.
- 11market fundamentalismthe idea that the market will take care of all of our needs
- 12deregulationcommitment by nation-states to limit or eliminate restraints on the free market and free trade
- 13export processing zoneIndependent area controlled by corporations and free of national control.
- 14Thomas Friedman's arguments for neoliberal globalizationwith the triumph of the economic market, the political sector and the nation-state shrink in importance
involves the democratization of technology, finance, and information - 15what is meant by the "Bretton Woods system," one critique of it.entire system based on US dollar. focused on reducing trade barriers, establishing conditions forf ree flow of money/investment and for global financial stability
critique: Bretton Woods globalization lead to an increase in global poverty and gap between rich and poor (Stiglitz) - 16Describe (not just spell out) WTOWorld Trade Organization
acts as a forum for meetin of countries' reps, focused on trade in goods (superceded GATT). also expanded to services and intellectual property. focused more on non-tariff-related barriers to trade. premised on neoliberal idea that all nations benefit from free and open trade. - 17describe (not just spell out but describe what they are for) GATTGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
forum for meeting of countries' reps focused on trade in goods. superceded by WTO. focused more on tariff reduction than non-tariff-related barriers to trade. - 18What is NAFTA, and what is one argument for and one against it?North American Free Trade Agreement
an agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.
trade among countries involved has increased, as was the hope in creating the agreement. However, Mexican farmers are disadvantaged compared to American ones who get subsidies from US governemnt - 19What are MNCs and how are they connected to the global economyMultinational Corporation
operates in more than two countries - has power to control and coordinate operations even if it doesn't own them. they operate in an array of economic, political, social, and cultural environments - 20What is FDI?Foreign Direct Investment
investments by a firm in one nation-state in a firm in another nation-state with the intention of controlling it - 21Colonialismcreation by the colonial power of an administration in the area that has been colonized to run its internal affairs
- 22Neocolonialismwhen Western countries, through institutions, implementation, neoliberal theory, have power without occupational rule. new kind of colonialism.
- 23Imperialismmethods employed by one nation-state to gain power over an area(s) and then exercise control over it
- 24americanizationimports by americans of that which is closely associated with america/americans
- 25Easternizationeconomic and cultural influences of the east on the west
- 26globalization from aboveprocess that is created and controlled by centralized and powerful actors such as weathy elites or MNCs and imposed on broader spciety
- 27globalization from belowMarginalized groups and social movements that struggle to make globalization benefit more people and for global processes to be more democratic
- 28dependency theorydevelopment of the nation-states of the south contriibuted to a decline in their endependence and to an increase in their dependence on the noth. involves the indea that development brings greater imporverishment instead of economic imporvement
- 29development projecta "project" primarily concerned with the economic development of specific nation-states (inherently elitist) not simply an economic project, but a method of rule
- 30transnationalityrise of new communities and formation of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined as nation-states
- 31economic globalizationgrowing economic linkages at the global level
- 32political globalizationpolitical relations that exist at a global level, including intern-ational relations
- 33cultural globalizationcultural influences that exist at a global level, between and among various nations
- 34difference between skeptics, globalists, and middle groundersskeptics - contend that there is no such thing as globalization (the term globalization is an over-simplification, there is no one single process of globalization, there are a wise variety of processes that affect the world in multiple different ways). world dominated by relationships between governments. no common global culture.
globalists - believe that there is such a thing as globalization and that is encompasses virtually the entire globe. relatively new process. multiple relationships possible without involving governments. common global culture. - 35metaphor of solids/liquids/gasesdescribes the mobility of people, places, things, information
solidity - people, places, things, information "harden" over time and therefore have limited mobility
liquidity - increasing ease of mobility
gaseousness - hyper-mobility - 36interconnected flowsglobal flows that interconnect at various points and times
- 37multi-directional flowsall sorts of things flowing in every conceivable direction among many points in the world
- 38conflicting flowstransplanetary processes that conflict with one another (and with much else)
- 39reverse flowsprocesses which, while flowing in one direction, act back on their source
"boomerang effect"
example: pollution that is "exported" to other parts of the world, but returns instead to affect the point of origin - 40barriers to flowsheaviness/friction
those constructed by nation-states, like borders, gates, customs agents, etc.
corporate organizations (corporations), labor unions, and subtler structural barriers optimizing their own flows and reducing flows of others. - 41tourists vs vagabondstourists - people who move about the world because they want to
vagabonds - likely to move because they are forces to - 42Globalization as measured by: cycles, phases, events, recent changesCycles: Globalization is a long-term, cyclical process. We don’t live in a new global age, there have been other global ages in the past.
Phases:
Pieterse - 8 great epochs/phases of globalization, starting 3000 BCE. globalization is not unique to today’s world, nor is it cyclical. Past epochs are not returning, at least in their earlier form, at some point in the future. Globalization functions as growing connectivity, which develops and accelerates around various centers across time.
Robertson - 5 epochs/phases, beginning later during early 15th century and taking off during late 1800s
Events: Instead of cycles or phases, there are specific events that are the origin of globalization, such as the “discovery” or the Americas by Columbus, the Roman’s conquests, the travel of the Vikings, or European colonialism
Recent changes: Globalization is a recent development, with a point of origin after the end of WWII.
Three significant changes -
Emergence of US as global power following WWII. Emergence of MNCs. Demise of Soviet Union and end of Cold War. - 43globaphobiaemphasis on the negative aspeects of globalization, especially for the ess well-off parts of the globe
- 44globaphiliaemphasis on the positive aspects of globalization, especially greater economic success and the spread of democracy
- 45fertility ratea measure describing the average numver of children birthed by an average statistical woman during her reproductive lifetime
- 46infant mortality ratenumber of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births
- 47population density vs idea of "overpopulation"population density is a measurable, scientific concept, whereas the idea of overpopulation is dependent on the user's own ideas, the context, location, etc. "overpopulation" is often left undefined and is used to blame countries.
- 48Malthusian/neomalthusian approach to population growth? strengths and weaknesses?population growth is exponential, food is linear
blamed women and poor people
neo-: more complicated -> finite resources, not just food
weaknesses: didn't take into account genetically modified things/technology. politics of blame
strengths: acknowledges the decline of the earth (ex: global warming) and its effect on humanity/its cause as humanity - 49cornucopian approach to population growth? strengths and weaknesses?direct pushback on mathusian approach
population growth not a problem
new resources will replace old ones
human ingenuity and technology will prevail
weaknesses: technology not always around/will not always fix everything, no analysis of class
strengths: addresses the weaknesses of malthusian approach, hope for humanity, belief in technological success - 50demographic transition approach to population growth? strengths and weaknesses?pre-industrial societies suffer from high birth and death rates
industrialized societies tend to have lower birth and death rates
weaknesses: oversimplifying, tends to ignore countries' relationships, resources from one place extracted for development of another - limits development of that first country
strengths: technological advancement leading to increased flows - 51political economy approach to population growth? strengths and weaknesses?distribution of resources and how theur get controlled
issue is one of access, not just population/resources ration
weaknesses: hard to know specifics (it's complex), government could be blaming other areas when they are really at fault - 52women's empowerment approach to population growth? strengths and weaknesses?birth control is not a sufficient approach to population growth
countries with higher rates of female literacy and access to education have lower rates off fertility
given opportunity and access, women will voluntarily control population growth
weaknesses: population growth has other contributing factors, white savior complex, exclusion of some women (of color, trans)
strengths: acknowledges the woman's role in the conversation about population growth - 53green revolutiona sutie of technological advances, devloped in univesities and inernational research centers, which were applied to agriculture between the 1950s and 1980s and increased agricultural yeilds dramatically but witha noncmitant rise in chemical inputs (fetilizers, pesticides) as well as increased demands for water and machinery
- 54induced intensificationa thesis predicting that where agricultural populations grow, demands for food lead to technological innovations resulting in increased food production ont he same amount of available land
- 55forest transition modela model that predicts a period of deforestation in aregion during development,w hen the forest is a resource or land is cleared for agriculture, followed by a return of forest when the economy chances and populatuon outmigrates and/or becomes convervaton oriented
- 56political ecologyan approach to environmental issues that unites issues of ecology with a broadly defined political economy perspective. nature and society are produced together in a political economy that includes humans and non-humans. relationships between and among people and the environment are governed by interactions of power. power dynamics can shape viewpoints on the world.
- 57coase theorema thesis based in neoclassical economics, holding that externalities (eg. pollution) can be most efficiently controlled through contracts and bargaining between parties, assuming the transaction costs of reaching a bragain are not excessive
- 58externalitythe spillover of a cost or benefit, as where industrial activity at a place leads to pullution off-site that must be paid for by someone else
- 59greenwashingthe exageratted or false marketing ofa product, good, or service as environmentally friendly
- 60market response modelA model that predicts economic responses to scarcity of a resource will lead to increases in prices that will result either in decreased demand for that resource or increased supply, or both
- 61commodificationthe transformationof an object or resource from something valued in and for itself, to something valued generically for exchange. in Marxist thought, it is the rise of the exchange value of a thing over its use value
- 62primitive accumulationin Marxist thought, the direct appropriation by capitalists of natural resources or goods from communities that historically tend to hold them collectively
- 63"spatial fix" and crisis of overaccumulationspatial fix - the tendency of capitalism to temporarily solve its inevitable periodic crises by establishing new markets, resources, and sites of production in other places
overaccumulation - in political economic (and marxist) thought, a condition in the economy where capital becomes concentrated in very few hands or firms causing economic shutdown and potential socioeconomic crisis
spatial fix can be a response to the crisis of overaccumulation - 64First and second contradictions of capitalismin marxist thought, this describes the tendency for capitalism to eventually undermine the (first- economic. second- environmental.) conditions for its own perpetuation
leading to responses by people tor esist capitalism and leading to a new form of economy - 65means of productionin political economic (and marxist) thought, the infrastructure, equipment, machinery, etc. required to make things, good,s commodities
- 66surplus valuein political economic (and marxist) thought, the value produced by underpaying labor or over-extracting from the environment, which is accumulated by owners and investors
- 67prisoner's dilemmaan allegorical description of a game-theoretical situation in ehich multiple individuals making decisions in pursuit of their own itnerests tend to create collective outcomes that are non-optimal for everyone.
Two accomplices are imprisoned with no way to communicate with each other. they are both offered the same deal: If they each betray the other, each of them serves 2 years in prison. If one betrays the other but that other remains silent, the first one will be set free and the silent one will serve 3 years in prison (and vice versa). If they both remain silent, both of them will only serve 1 year in prison (on the lesser charge). - 68tragedy of the commonsan article published in 1963 by Garret Hardin. argues that whileadvantages for people reproducing are immediate, their costs are diffused across the planet, increasing the burden of humanity on the earth. some will forgo more children, but some will "defect". overpopulation is inevitable without some form of enforcement - private property and inheritance so that all impacts of poordecisons will only affect the owners fo the property (instead of tyrannical enforcement of authority)
- 69social construction of nature"nature" as defined by Western/Northern peoples is a social construct with biblical origins. ultimately excludes and destroys Native people's history and culture.
- 70nationalismDoctrine and (or) political movement that seek to make the nation the basis of a political structure.
- 71INGOs, positives, negativesInternational Non-Governemental Organizations
International not-for-profit organizations performing public functions but not established or run by nation-states
positives: often grassroots and more in touch with needs or their membership, often more effective than other types of organizations, good at gathering media attention to force more formal organizations (like states) into action
negatives: special interest groups - may not consider wider set of issues, not democratic, agendas secrative, not accountable to nayone other than members, elitist/controlled by Northerners - impose innappropriate plans on local org.s, may distort magnitude of problems to advance cause/interests - 72Imagined communityA nation exists primarily as a set of ideas in people’s minds.
- 73McDonaldizationprocess by which the principles of the fast-food rstaraunt are coming to dominate more of the world (principles: calculability, predicitbility, control, efficiency, irrationality of rationality)
- 74Cultural differentialismcultures tend to remain stubbornly different from one another. lasting differences of cultures, largely unaffected by globalization.
- 75Cutlural hybridizationmixing of cultures leading to unique combinations - as a result of globalization.
- 76Cultural convergencecultures are subject to many of the same global flows and tend to grow more alike. globalization tends to lead to increasing sameness throughout the world.
- 77Appadurai's landscapesEthnoscapes : Actual movement, as well as fantasies about moving, of mobile groups and individuals. Technoscapes : Fluid, global configurations of technology and the wide range of material that moves freely and quickly around the globe. Financescapes : Processes by which huge sums of money move through nation-states and around the world at great speed. Mediascapes : Electronic capability to produce and transmit information and images globally. Ideoscapes : Flows of images primarily political in nature.
- 78non-placessettings largely devoid of distinctive content (chain-stores, malls)
- 79non-peoplethose who occupy positons that lead them to be devoid of distinctive content at least in those positions (employees of non-places, like telemarketers)
- 80time-space compressionthe shrinking of space and the reduction of the time required by a wide range of processes, brought about by changes in transportation and communication technologies advanced mainly by capitalist corporations
- 81time-space distanciationthe stretching of social relations across space and time brought about by technological change
- 82big dataextmely large and comlex data sets that can by computationally analyzed for patterns, relationships, predictions
- 835 V's of big datavolume, velocity, variety (main three), and variability, veractiy
- 84internet of thingsthe expansion of the internet from computers/phones to other physical objects (like refrigerators)
- 85leapfroggingdeveloping nations bypassing earliert echnologies and adopting more advanced technologies
- 86prosumersthose who engage in the interrelated process of production and consumption
- 87describe (not just spell out) IMFInternational Monetary Fund
goal is macroeconomic stability for members and general globale conomy. deals with exchange rates, balances of payments, international capital flows, monitoring of member states and their macroeconomic policies - 88describe (not just spell out) World Bankprovides funds to governemt-sponsored/governemnt-guarenteed programs in countries that are middle-income or credit-worthy poorer nations, provides advice and analytical services to these coutnies
encourages development of productive facilities/resources in "less developed" countries, provides funding for "productive purposes" when private capital can't be gotten on reasonable terms, encourages international investment, helps members iporve productivity, standard of living, labor conditions
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- Global Studies Karteikarten am GBL Midterm, erstellt von Aster BF am 06/03/2018.
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- Aster BF
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