14140849
Beschreibung
Karteikarten von Bridonie Nicholson , aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Bridonie Nicholson
vor fast 6 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What are the memory processes? | encoding, storage (maintaining), retrieval |
| How is long term memory divided? (draw) | |
| How does Craik and Lochart's framework relate to the levels of processing experiment? | The framework assumes that stimulus can be encoded via progressively deeper levels of processing (visual> phonological> semantic) And that deeper processing = better recall. Experiment: Ss completed orienting tasks linked with each level of processing. After which they had a surprise memory test |
| In the levels of processing task words in each category of processing; case, rhyme, sentence were responded to with Yes or No. no matter response processing depth was equal. Why would response type make a large difference in recall for the deeper levels of processing ( rhyme & esp. semantic) | Craik & Tulving: the amount of processing within a level is also important. Words that do not fit a sentence are easier to discount than ones that do, are processed less. The more complex the sentence the better recall gets. So elaboration makes that word more distinctive. |
| According to the Levels of processing framework, is note-taking with a laptop harmful for learning? | For certain types of information laptop note-taking may limit type of the depth of encoding. It is more helpful for factual info. If note taking is generative (summarising etc) there will be benefits but laptops tend to encourage verbatim copying (shallow processing) |
| Memory performance depends on how it is tested. What are examples of explicit and implicit memory tests? | Explicit: free recall (tell me what you saw), cued recall (gives some context), Recognition (did you see...) Implicit: doesn't refer to episode of study. "tell me the first word that comes to mind starting with..." |
| Typically recognition is better than recall. But according to Tulvig's encoding specificity principle memory performance is better when the context of encoding (study/learning) matches the context at retrieval. How did Tulvig & Thomson demonstrate this experimentally? | 4 stages in the study 1: Ss studies weakly associated cue/target word pairs 2. Ss had to generate their own association 3. Ss recognition test for target words 4. recall test using cues from 1 recognition was better at 4. Ss better at recalling words in the context of the cue they learnt them with than recognising words. |
| How does environment and mood effect recall and recognition? What studies demonstrate this? | Gooden & Baddeley had diver learn and be tested on wordds either on land or underwater. A change in Environment affects recall but not recognition. Words learned on land best remembered on land. Kenealy's Ss learned oral directions. Mood match improved free recall but not cued recall. |
| If free recall is better than recognition when context matches at time of learning and retrieval, why might people with inter-personality amnesia instead be better at recognising faces than recalling them? | Because they switch personalities the context under which they see or learn something changes and can't match with a different personality at retrieval. But their brain hasn't changed; information has still been encoded and can be recognised. |
| How does repetition priming influence implicit memory? How did amnesics performance on tests by Grat, Squire, and Mandlers study differ from control's? | Repetition priming facilitates better performance, particularly on implicit memory tests due to prior exposure. i.e we can better complete a word presented earlier. Amnesiacs performed worse at explicit memory tasks but the same/better as controls for implicit tests. |
| What is the difference between Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia? | Retrograde Amnesia forgets past events before onset of amnesia but Anterograde is an inability to learn new facts/ since onset. But in both cases STM is fine. |
| What is the problem with saying that "Amnesiac patients have impaired explicit memory but intact implicit memory"? | This isn't an explanation but a description. It also isn't entirely true. Amnesiacs will perform badly on some implicit tests which involve binding of context and event. |
| How did Huppert & Piercy and Schacter, Church & Bolton's studies support the relationship between repetition priming and implicit memory tests for amnesiacs? | H&P: Korsakoffs could recognise pictures they'd been shown but could not discriminate which they saw on day 1 vs day 2. S, C & B: Amnesiacs were worse at recognising words muffled by the same speaker as when studied compared to controls. But more equal when binding the word (item) with the voice (context) was not involved. |
| According to Diana et al. what is recognition memory based on? Which part is missing for Amnesiacs & and why do they show repetition priming on implicit memory tests? | D assumed that it is based on familarity (known) and recollection ( remember using context). These two components are bound in the hippocampus. Amnesiacs lack recollection. However the other part of the brain which learns and knows things is still functioning so repetition priming causes the item to become familiar enough for recognition when implicit tasks guide performance and don't require distinguishing between contexts. |
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