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NMDF211 Nutritional Biochemistry Final Exam Revision
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- 1Define a probioticThe word probiotic means pro life and is defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confirm a health benefit on the host.
- 2The most studied probiotics for human use belong toLactobaccilus (acidophillus, casei, casei subsp, delbureckii subsp, bulgaricus, parasacei, plantarum, reuteri, rhamnosus, rhamnosus GG, sporogenes), Bificobacterium (animal subsp lactis,breve, longum, longum subsp infantis) or Saccharomyces species (boulardii)
- 3Define microbiomeThe microbiota is the set of organisms that share our body space and maybe commensal, symbiots or pathogens. The term microbiome refers exclusively to the genomic content of the microbiota.
- 4Define pre-bioticPre-biotics are a group of nutrients that are acted upon and then degraded by gut microbiota
- 5Define gut dysbiosisThe commensal-to-pathogens transition when stressed conditions rapidly decrease microbial diversity and promote the expansion of pathogens.
- 6Define SIBOSIBO Is defined as the presence of excessive bacteria in the small intestineAnd is implicated as the cause of chronic diarrhoeaAnd malabsorption. SIBO is defined as a bacterial population in the small intestine exceeding 10^5 - 10^6 organisms/ml
- 7The microbiota of vaginally delivered infants has been observed to be enriched with which species of bacteriaLactobacillus sp
- 8The skin, mouth and gut of children delivered by C-section are colonised by which species of bacteriaStaphylococcus, Streptococcus, Propionibacteria
- 9List any four functions of the microbiota in the human body1. synthesis and metabolism of certain nutrients hormones and vitamins in intestines. 2. provides nutrition for the survival of microorganisms and cytokines that can inhibit the growth of
the pathogens 3. Involved in a cross-talk between the gut and brain (gut-brain axis) - 10What are the health effects of gut dybiosisGut microbiome imbalance is now understood to modulate inflammation (colitis, IBS), metabolic conditions (diabetes, overweight), liver function, and mental health (anxiety, depression, epilepsy) and autism spectrum disorderWhat is that it looks dodgyI thought you canAre youReallyDo youHey Jimmy!Collagen supplements can be greatAlthough not so much for AppleConditions are rather than building upIntegrity of The skin,StandingAnti-inflammatory and anti-ageing. It also depends on the brand. I think we spoke about this once before.The best way to taking collagenIs by having buying brassI'm sure that there are brands that great I just don't know of anyThat I can recommendIt's great for overall health, About display oasis and leaky gut conditions
- 11Name 5 biochemical mechanisms/therapeutic actions associated with soluble fibre1. MOA is fermentation in the colon and changes in gut microflora.
2. Fermentation of polyphenols stimulates short chain fatty acid production
3. Provide fermentable substrates for bacteria in colon
4. Fermentation may release fiber-bound calcium
5. Increase in fecal bulk and shortened transit time - 12List 3 Health benefits of fibre to humans1. CVD: Lower cholesterol
2. Diabetes: Improved glycemic control and insulin sensitivity
3. Obesity & weight control: Fiber rich foods have lower energy density and higher volume which can promote satiety - 13List 3 functions of the liver1. Storage of nutrients
2. Bile secretion
3. Synthesis of cholesterol
4. Protein metabolism
5. Lipid metabolism
6. Breakdown of ertyhtrocytes - 14What is largest population of mononuclear cells/macrophages that are located int he liverKupffer cells
- 15What is the importance of Kupffer cells to human healthLargest population of macrophages/phagocytes in the human body.
Changes in functional activity of KC's contribute to a variety of diseased states ie. chronic inflammation of liver, NAFLD & FLD. Depletion of KCs contributes to dietary induced steatosis and insulin resistance. - 16What are the 2 main ways in which compounds broken down by the liver are excreted?Urine & Bile
- 17What are the main group of enzymes involved in phase I detox? What factors affect their optimal functionCytochrome P450
Influenced by genetics, nutritional status, toxic exposure - 18Name 3 nutrients that support phase I detoxCopper, magnesium, zinc and Vit C
- 19List 3 substances which lower phase I detoxCurcumin, Capsacain, Naringenin (grapefruit), clove oil
- 20Why might you want to lower phase I detox?to have balance in both phases and avoid toxic burden on the liver and body.
A high amount of chemical exposure leads to an overactive phase I that is not inline with phase II (may be sure to nutrient deficiencies) causing accumulation of free radicals and intermediate metabolites in the body - 21Name the 6 phase II pathways and 2 nutirent substrates for each1. Glutathione - methionine and glycine
2. Methylation - methionine and B12, folate
3. Sulfation - methionine, B6, cysteine
4. Acetylation B1, B2, B3, B5
5. Glucoronidation - glucoronic acid & vit C
6. Amino acid conjugation - glycine, arginine, glutamine, taurine - 22Name 3 amino acid that constitute glutathioneGlutathione is a tripeptide
cysteine, glutamine, and glycine - 23List cofactors and nutrients that are required for glutathione regeneration/anti-oxidative cycle. List the 2 enzymes involved in this processEnzyme required for oxidation: glutathione
peroxidases (GPx) that needs Selenium for its action.
❖ Enzyme required for reduction: Glutathione Reductase: that needs riboflavin and niacin for its reaction to convert glutathione to reduced form.
❖ Vitamin C also replenishes glutathione. - 24Name any two enzymes involved in alcohol metabolismCytochrome P450
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
Catalase - 25What important enzyme in the conversion of essential fatty acids to anti-inflammatory mediators may alcohol inhibitdelta-6 desaturase
- 26Which nutrient can reverse alcohol induced fatty liverCarnitine
- 27Name 5 nutritional considerations to aid alcohol detoxification1.Increase liver detoxification nutrients especially antioxidants of Phase I
2.Alkalize the body to reduce acidity caused by alcohol
3.Carnitine to facilitate the transportation FAs into mitchondria and liver regeneration
4. Pro & pre biotics for gut flora
5. Fibre to aid toxin removal