Karteikarten
Sensation and Perception
Karten in diesem Stapel (103)
- 1Psychophysicsthe study of environmental energies and how it affects your psychology (behavior, mood, conciousness)
- 2Sensation-physical absorption of energy (external the brain)
1. Reception 2. Transduction 3.Transmisson - 3Receptionabsorption of environmental energy by senses (ears, eyes, mouth)
- 4Transductionconversion of energy so it can be processes, converts to a neurological impulse (action potential) --> information
- 5Transmissionsends to RF to filter before entering the brain
- 6Perceptioncognitive, how we analyze
1. Selection 2. COding 3. Interpretation - 7Selectionthe RF selects and sorts to decide whats important
(hind brain) - 8Codingthalamus receives whats important, organizes it, encodes in and sends to correct lobe, hippocampous creates memory encoder to chose where it will be stored
- 9Interpretationanalyze information, comprehend, have we seen it before? what should we do?
- 10Bottom-Up Processinganalysis that begins w/ the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information
(slower but always correct) - 11Top-Down Processinginformation processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectation
(we must have a cognitive assumption; experience to draw conclusion from) - 12Sensory Reductionsensational, receptors reduce the amount of energy received, prevents thalamic overload
- 13Sensory Adaptiondiminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus, Rf (HB) and Hippocampous/ Thalamus (MB), get used to perceiving something constant, process the RF uses to filter unimportant things out- when important uses selection to send to thalamus
- 14Habituationfiltering at the cortex, al senses can be habituated smell can only be habituated, getting used to a sense
- 15Absolute Thresholdthe minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
- 16Difference Thresholdthe minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, smallest amount of change that you can detect
- 17Signal Detectionpredicts when and how we detect the presence of a faint stimulus(signal amid background stimulation (noise), ability to focus with distraction--> you look for it so you can react quicker
- 18Weber's Lawto be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion---> perceptual
- 19Pain Sensationbodys warning system/ reduce amount of damage
- 20Substance Pchemical responsible for sensation of pain
- 21Endorphinsnatural pain killers that the body produces, (opiates)
- 22Gate Control Theory of Painsmall nerve fibers- conduct pain signals in spinal cord,
large nerve fibers- conduct sensory skills:
when tissue is injured the gate opens and you feel pain- large fibers close the gate and block pain signals so they don't reach the brain - 23Wavelengththe distance from one wave peak to the next
- 24Frequencythe number of wavelengths that pass through a stationary object at a given time
(380 nm/s -75nm/s) - 25Low frequency wavelengthslow moving, reddish colors
- 26Infra-Red Wavesundetectable, below 380 nm/s
- 27High frequency wavelengthsfast moving, bluish colors
- 28Ultra-Violet wavesundetectable, above 750 nm/s
- 29Amplitude (Intensity)the amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness or loudness as determined by amplitude --> how much energy it contains
- 30Saturation (Complexity)absorbing multiple waves of different amplitudes, lengths and frequencies at the same time
- 31Eye Lidexternal shield from dirt / blocks light / cleans the eye
- 32Corneainternal shield, refracts light, high concentration of nerve endings per square mm than any other part of body
- 33Pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
- 34irisa ring on muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye and the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening ( responds to amplitude of the wave)
- 35Vitreous Humorinside ocular chamber, substance, translucent, gelatinous fluid, fills the chamber and allows for eye to maintain spherical shape
- 36Retinalight sensitive inner surface of eye, contains layers of neurons which begin transducing visual info-- converting to neural impulse
(contains rods and cones [nerve receptor cells]) - 37Rodsdetect black, white & gray, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision (when cones don't respond), concentrated on outside, shows contrast
- 38Conesconcentrated near center, function well in light conditions, detects fine detail (acuity) and gives rise to color sensation
- 39Foveacentral focal point of the retina- cones cluster around it, size of pin head, bullseye
- 40Optic Nervethe nerve that carries nerve impulses from the eye and to the brain, (transmission --> retina to RF)
- 41Blind Spotwhere the optic nerve leaves the eye there are no receptor cells there- creates a blind spot --> when fovea is on this spot you become blind
- 42Sclerathe outer casing of the eye, lots of blood vessels for oxygen, four ocular muscles, flesh all connected
- 43Opaquewhite of the eye
- 44Visual AccommodationThe process by which the lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
(the lens changes it's curviture) - 45How do eyes adjust when light is limited?pupils dilate to allow more light in, the cones become more sensitive and rods are used more, takes 20 minutes for eyes to fully adapt
- 46Myopia (Nearsightedness)visual impairment at a distance, focal point of lens not on retina/fovea but in front of fovea instead
- 47Hyperopia (Farsightedness)focal point of lens extends beyond the fovea, not a point but a broad band, visual impairment is a near distance
- 48Astigmatismmisshaped eye, can be severe or suttle
- 49Presbyopialens loses elasticity (natural as you get older) takes longer to adjust muscle, transitional blindness b/c takes time
- 50Perceptual Processing (visual)1. Selection 2. Coding 3. Interpretaion
- 51Feature Detectorsnerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, (shape, angle or movement) parts of the cortex- fusiform/inferior gyrus ...allows us to thin slice!
- 52Selective Attentionability to focus on one impulse over a variety of distractions, cortex decides what to interpret (top down assumptions) matter of perception
- 53Individual Motivation Perceptionb/c pf your experiences, you make cognitive assumptions based on what you want to perceive
- 54Illusionsbased upon glitch with top down processing
- 55Form Perceptionb/c of your experiences, you make cognitive assumptions based upon what you want to perceive
- 56Figure & Ground PerceptionFigure--> grabas the attention of your eyes (stands out)
Ground--> background which makes the figure jump out even easier - 57Reversibile Figure Illusionsone picture with two images all based upon what you perceive as figure and ground - could be reversed
- 58Closure Illusionsgiven incomplete information, natural ability to complete it
- 59Closure Illusionsgiven incomplete information, natural ability to complete it
- 60Impossible Figure Illusionsimpossible to determine figure from the ground
- 61Perceptual Adaptionyou see incomplete/ distorted image but still can make it out
- 62Perceptual Set Illusionsmis perception of our ability to adapt perceptually
- 63Perceptual Interferencetakes place at corpus callossum, when left brain tries to work simultaneously with the right brain and there is interference (Stroop Test)
- 64Frame of Reference Perceptioncomparative, point of reference of how we perceive the world, it doesn't change but appears so
- 65How many colors & shades can a human perceive?7 million
- 66Color Deficient VisionLack of cones or sensitivity to cones in retina
- 67Opponent Process Theoryeach bipolar cell sensitive to two opposite wavelengths, when one half are over exhausted, the other half over compensates
- 68After Image Illusionsthe risidual (phantom) presence of an image that is perceived even after its gone
- 69Monocular Cuesinterposition, linear perspective, motions approx. size, shape and form, done by either eye alone
- 70Binocular Cuesretinal disparity, distance between objects, uses both eyes
- 71Depth Perceptionability to see objects in 3-D although the images that strike the retina are 2-D, uses binocular cues and monocular cues
- 72Retinal Disparity(different levels of depth) b/c two eyes, retinas compare them and compute the distance (2-D)
- 73Convergencecrossing your line of sight approx. 20 feet in front
- 74Frequency Theorythe rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to hear pitch
- 75Conduction Deafnesshearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea (middle ear) - can often be restored
- 76Nerve Deafnesshearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves (inability to convert energy or transmit sound waves to RF)
- 77Place Theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated- both sensation and perception
- 78Uniqueness of Olfactionunlike other senses filtered by the RF and then perceived, 100% of smell bypasses filtering system of RF and is perceived
- 79How many smells can the human body detect?10,000
- 80Pheromonesbiollogically produced, airborne emitted chemical that causes a change in behavior, humans have subtle ones (odorless), for lesser species this is the way they communicate, glands are in cheeks
- 81Papillaetaste buds, gustary receptors, absorb and transduce taste
- 824 Taste SensationsSweet, Salty, Sour and Bitter
- 83Necrobiosiscells die then replace, papillae for adult takes adult 30 days and child 7 days...children are more sensitive and don/t have acquired taste
- 84Olfactionnothing more powerful to memory than smell, transduction not in nose but in the olfactory bulb located in the parietal lobe
- 85Tactical Sensesense of touch
- 86Vestibular Sensethe sense of body movement and position, sense of balance and orientation (knowing where you are), posture [cerebellum, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs in inner ear]
- 87Motion Sicknessdisruption between vestibular sense and visual sense, result is disorientation
- 88Kinesthesisthe system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts (basal ganglia, corpus callossum) -voluntary motor control
- 89Subliminal Perceptionbelow the threshold of perception, but you can sense-aware and sensed but not processed or perceived
- 90Primingtype of subliminal perception in which a repetitive subliminal stimulus causes change in mood, perception and behavior
(Dave Barg, "Blink") - 91tachistoscopeMachine that produces subliminal images, shows picture for less than a second but slow enough that absolute threshold will be met (we can sense but too quick to perceive)
- 92Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Pseudo Psychologythe controversial claim that perception can occur with abstract sensation (pseudo- un scientific, cant experiment, no data)
- 93Frequencydetermines pitch; low frequency- low pitch, high frequency- high pitch
- 94Amplitude (Intensity)determines the loudness of the sound wave
- 95Rangehow diverse of sounds there are
- 96Timbrequality/ clarity of sound
- 97Outer earabsorbs sound waves (channels them through pinna into auditory canal to the ear drum)
- 98Middle Eartransmits eardrum vibrations through piston of 3 bones to the cochlea (Amplifies the sound waves)
- 99Inner Earsmallest bones in body, amplifies sound waves and directs them to oval window
- 100Inner Earsmallest bones in body, amplifies sound waves and directs them to oval window
- 101Cochleaconverts sound waves into a neural impulse-transduction (hairs sway)
- 102Auditory Nervetransmits the neural impulses from cochlea to the RF (sends off to the lobe)
- 103Eustachian Tubein inner ear- preserves health of the ear- a drainage tube for fluid, water and pressure to the throat
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- Karteikarten am Sensation and Perception, erstellt von aruss16 am 09/10/2013.
- Erstellt von
- aruss16
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