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Pharmacology VIII (100 Flash Cards)

ACAPUN INSTITUTE Flashcards: Pharmacology Praxis Spanisch 100 Karten

Pharmacology VIII (100 Flash Cards)

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  1. 1tachycardia in a patient administered with atropine or scopolamine results from a. release of adrenal catecholamines b. blockade of vagus nerve activity c. blockade of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor d. stimulation of the alpha adrenergic receptor e. stimulation of the beta adrenergic receptorb. block of vagus nerve activitytachycardia in a patient administered with atropine or scopolamine results from a. release of adrenal catecholamines b. blockade of vagus...
  2. 2cholinergenic stimulation effects? SLUDsalivation
    lacrimation
    defecation
    urination
    heart rate decreased (bradycardia)
    miosis (pinpoit pupils)
    ***all PNS stuff    cholinergenic stimulation effects? SLUD
  3. 3a paralyzing dose of succinylcholine initially elicits a. CNS stimulation b. CNS depression c. decreased salivation d. muscle fasiculation e. extrapyramidal reactionsd. muscle fasiculation
    ***agonist at nicotinic receptors    a paralyzing dose of succinylcholine initially elicits a. CNS stimulation b. CNS depression c. decreased salivation d. muscle fasiculatio...
  4. 4symptoms of atropine poisoningburning dry mouth and hyperthermia
    **atropine is cholinergenic antagonist so sweating and saliva are reduced    symptoms of atropine poisoning
  5. 5atropine overdose?CNS excitation and tachycardiaatropine overdose?
  6. 6confusion and hallucinations result from oversdose of scopolamine are most efficaciously treated by adminstering?physostigmine
    ***scopolamine is ANTIcholinergenic    confusion and hallucinations result from oversdose of scopolamine are most efficaciously treated by adminstering?
  7. 7Symptoms of cholinergic crisis --SLUD!bradycardia
    lacrimation
    salivation
    weakness muscles
    **NOT Vasoconstriction    Symptoms of cholinergic crisis --SLUD!
  8. 8succinycholine is subject to inactivation via ...plasma esterasessuccinycholine is subject to inactivation via ...
  9. 9Reserpinedepletes NE by inhibiting reuptakeReserpine
  10. 10alpha 1 receptor stimulation effects =vasoconstriction, urinary retention, mydriasisalpha 1 receptor stimulation effects =
  11. 11beta receptor stimulation:increased heart rate (B1)
    bronchodilation (B2)
    vasodilation (B2)    beta receptor stimulation:
  12. 12alpha 1 =vasoconstriction
    ***alpha 1 blockers =vasodilation    alpha 1 =
  13. 13beta blockers =decrease heart rate (b1)
    bronchoconstriction (b2)    beta blockers =
  14. 14Levodopa used for =parkinsons
    ***dopamine deficiency in brain
    ***does not cross BBB but is precursor to DA    Levodopa used for =
  15. 15alpha or beta adrenergic blocking drugs are =competitive inhibitorsalpha or beta adrenergic blocking drugs are =
  16. 16mechanism of action for guanethidine =uncoupling of action potential from the NE release mechanism
    ***antiadrenergic    mechanism of action for guanethidine =
  17. 17Amides vs. ester metabolismAmides - in LIVER
    Esters - by pseudocholinesterase in blood plasma    Amides vs. ester metabolism
  18. 18Benzocaine and cocaine are (amides/esters).estersBenzocaine and cocaine are (amides/esters).
  19. 19Why are ester LAs more toxic and more allergic?MethylparabenWhy are ester LAs more toxic and more allergic?
  20. 20Safest to use in children?LidocaineSafest to use in children?
  21. 21Must unsafe for children?Bupivicaine (Marcaine)Must unsafe for children?
  22. 22Causes least vasdilation?Mepivicaine (Carbocaine)Causes least vasdilation?
  23. 23Ester/amide hybrid?Articaine (Septo)Ester/amide hybrid?
  24. 24Longest duration of action?Bupivicaine (Marcaine)Longest duration of action?
  25. 25Longest duration of action?Bupivicaine (Marcaine)Longest duration of action?
  26. 26Shortest duration of action?Articaine (Septo)Shortest duration of action?
  27. 27Methemoglobinemia risk?Prilocaine (Citanest)Methemoglobinemia risk?
  28. 28Percentages of each LA?2% Lido
    0.5% Bupivicaine (Marcaine)
    2% or 3% Mepivicaine (Carbo)
    4% Articaine (Septo)    Percentages of each LA?
  29. 29T/F: LA by themselves are vasodilators.True for the most part
    Hence the need for epi.
    Although Mepivicaine (Carbo) is the least vasodilating, so does not have epi.
    Cocaine is the only vasoconstricting LA.    T/F: LA by themselves are vasodilators.
  30. 30T/F: Cocaine is the only LA that is vasoconstricting on its own.TrueT/F: Cocaine is the only LA that is vasoconstricting on its own.
  31. 31LA are ________ channel blockers.sodiumLA are ________ channel blockers.
  32. 32Only the (ionized/non-ionized) form of LA can penetrate the neuron membrane.non-ionizedOnly the (ionized/non-ionized) form of LA can penetrate the neuron membrane.
  33. 33Why does infection make LA less effective?the inflamed tissue has lower pH, so the excess H+ ions keep the LA in its ionized form, preventing it from penetrating the neuron membrane.Why does infection make LA less effective?
  34. 34Minimum # of nodes that must be blocked to achieve anesthesia3 nodes of RanvierMinimum # of nodes that must be blocked to achieve anesthesia
  35. 35How does increased lipid solubility/hydrophobicity affect LA pharmacokinetics?more potent
    longer duration of action    How does increased lipid solubility/hydrophobicity affect LA pharmacokinetics?
  36. 36How does increased lipid binding affect LA pharmacokinetics?longer duration of actionHow does increased lipid binding affect LA pharmacokinetics?
  37. 37Lower pKa means....faster onset of action
    Mepivicaine (Carbo) < Lido, Prilo, Septo < Bupivicaine (Marcaine)    Lower pKa means....
  38. 38Calculating LA1mL ~ 1g
    So 1 carpule is 1.8mL ~ 1.8g = 1800mg
    So for 1% LA --> 18mg
    So for 2% Lido --> 36mg per carpule
    4% Septo --> 72mg Septo
    For 1 carpule of with 1:100,000 epi --> 0.018mg of epi    Calculating LA
  39. 393 purposes of vasoconstrictor?1. prolong numbness
    2. reduce toxicity
    3. promote hemostasis    3 purposes of vasoconstrictor?
  40. 40Max epi to give to ASA I patient0.2mg
    (~11 carpules)    Max epi to give to ASA I patient
  41. 41Max epi to give to cardiac pt0.04mg
    (~2 carpules)    Max epi to give to cardiac pt
  42. 42Max lido w/ and w/o epiWith epi: 4.4mg/kg
    W/o epi: 7mg/kg    Max lido w/ and w/o epi
  43. 43Short vs. long needle lengthShort - 20mm
    Long - 32mm    Short vs. long needle length
  44. 44Injection w/ highest failure rate?IAN blockInjection w/ highest failure rate?
  45. 45IAN block techniquesHalstead = classic
    Gow-Gates = open mouth
    Akinosi = closed mouth    IAN block techniques
  46. 46The triangle you aim for when doing a classic IAN block?Coronoid notch, pterygomandibular raphe, max teeth
    1.5mm above occlusal plane    The triangle you aim for when doing a classic IAN block?
  47. 47Why avoid inserting needle to the hub?risk for needle breakingWhy avoid inserting needle to the hub?
  48. 48Extent of IAN block anesthesia?all right side, except for buccal molarsExtent of IAN block anesthesia?
  49. 49Mental nerve block1. Locate rubbery bundle with finger. Around apices of mand PMs
    2. Insert needle anterior to the foramen
    Will only numb the facial tissue of the anterior teeth, not the teeth itself    Mental nerve block
  50. 50If only want to numb the anterior teeth?Give an incisive nerve block.
    Same as mental nerve block except hold pressure for 2 minutes after injection to force anesthetic into mental foramen    If only want to numb the anterior teeth?
  51. 51How to administer PSA block1. Palpate the zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
    2. Inject just posterior to that. 16mm depth (half of long needle length) at a 45 degree angle to the mucosal plane, and then redirect posteriorly.    How to administer PSA block
  52. 52T/F: PSA block has a high hematoma risk.TrueT/F: PSA block has a high hematoma risk.
  53. 53Will PSA block numb all 3 molars completely?Only 25% chance
    75% the MB root of the 1st molar is not innervated by PSA    Will PSA block numb all 3 molars completely?
  54. 54To numb the max anteriors + PMs + MB root of 1st molar, what could you give?Infraorbital blockTo numb the max anteriors + PMs + MB root of 1st molar, what could you give?
  55. 55Landmark for Greater Palatine Nerve block?on the hard palate, between the 2nd molar and midline
    Tip: Push down with a cotton tip applicator for a minute, so patient can get used to the pressure feeling.    Landmark for Greater Palatine Nerve block?
  56. 56Sulfonamides (i.e. Bactrim, SULFAdiazine, SULFAmethoxazole)Bacteriostatic
    Folate synthesis inhibitor (competes w/ PABA)
    "Sulfa drugs"    Sulfonamides (i.e. Bactrim, SULFAdiazine, SULFAmethoxazole)
  57. 57Fluoroquinolones (CiproFLOXACIN, LevoFLOXACIN)Bactericidal
    DNA synthesis inhibitor    Fluoroquinolones (CiproFLOXACIN, LevoFLOXACIN)
  58. 58PenicillinsBactericidal
    Cell wall synthesis inhibitor, beta-lactam
    broad-spectrum
    cross allergy with cephalosporins    Penicillins
  59. 59Penicillin G vs. Pencillin VPenicillin G - for IV, more sensitive to acid degradation
    Penicillin V - for oral    Penicillin G vs. Pencillin V
  60. 60Augmentinamoxicillin + clavulanate (beta-lactamase-resistant)Augmentin
  61. 61Penicillin w/ best and broadest Gram(-) spectrum?AmpicillinPenicillin w/ best and broadest Gram(-) spectrum?
  62. 62Penicillin used specifically against Pseudomonas?CarbenicillinPenicillin used specifically against Pseudomonas?
  63. 63Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenemsbactericidal
    cell wall synthesis inhibitor, beta-lactam    Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Carbapenems
  64. 64Tetracyclinesbacteriostatic
    protein synthesis inhibitor (30S ribosomal subunit)    Tetracyclines
  65. 65Antibiotic with the Broadest antimicrobial spectrum?TetracyclinesAntibiotic with the Broadest antimicrobial spectrum?
  66. 66Macrolides + Lincosamides (-mycin)bacteriostatic
    protein synthesis inhibitor (50S ribosomal subunit)    Macrolides + Lincosamides (-mycin)
  67. 67When is premed required?Cardio conditions + compromised immunity
    - prosthetic heart valve
    - Hx of endocarditis
    - Heart transplant w/ valvulopathy/valve dysfunction
    - congenital heart problems
    - organ transplant
    - neutropenia
    - cancer therapy    When is premed required?
  68. 68First choice premed Rx for IE?First choice premed Rx for IE?First choice premed Rx for IE?
  69. 69First choice premed Rx for IE?Adult: 600mg Clinda 1hr before Tx
    Child: 20mg/kg Clinda 1 hr before Tx    First choice premed Rx for IE?
  70. 70Adult: 600mg Clinda 1hr before Tx Child: 20mg/kg Clinda 1 hr before TxAdult: 2g Ampicillin 30min before Tx
    Child: 50mg/kg Ampicillin 30min before Tx
    same dosages as Amox!    Adult: 600mg Clinda 1hr before Tx Child: 20mg/kg Clinda 1 hr before Tx
  71. 711st choice premed for prosthetic joint prophylaxis?2g Keflex 1 hr before Tx1st choice premed for prosthetic joint prophylaxis?
  72. 72When is premed not recommended for cardio cases?-cardiac pacemaker
    -Rheumatic fever w/o valvular dysfunction
    -Mitral valve prolapse without valvular regurgitation    When is premed not recommended for cardio cases?
  73. 73Antibiotic side effect of GI upset and P. colitis?ClindamycinAntibiotic side effect of GI upset and P. colitis?
  74. 74Most likely to cause superinfection?Broad spectrum antibioticsMost likely to cause superinfection?
  75. 75Antibiotic associated w/ aplastic anemia?ChloramphenicolAntibiotic associated w/ aplastic anemia?
  76. 76Antibiotic associated w/ liver damage?Antibiotic associated w/ liver damage?Antibiotic associated w/ liver damage?
  77. 77Antibiotic associated w/ allergic cholestatic hepatitis?Erythromycin estolateAntibiotic associated w/ allergic cholestatic hepatitis?
  78. 78_______ shouldn't be taken with antacids or milk.Tetracycline_______ shouldn't be taken with antacids or milk.
  79. 79Clindamycin concentrates in _____.boneClindamycin concentrates in _____.
  80. 80Tetracycline concentrates well in __________.gingival crevicular fluidTetracycline concentrates well in __________.
  81. 81Best Rx for herpes infection?Acyclovir or ValcyclovirBest Rx for herpes infection?
  82. 82Best Rx for Candidiasis?Best Rx for Candidiasis?Best Rx for Candidiasis?
  83. 83Best Rx for Candidiasis?Fluconazole, KetoconazoleBest Rx for Candidiasis?
  84. 84Clotrimazole (Mycelex) comes in what form?troche formClotrimazole (Mycelex) comes in what form?
  85. 85Aspirin(ASA) is a (reversible/irreversible) COX 1 and 2 blocker.irreversibleAspirin(ASA) is a (reversible/irreversible) COX 1 and 2 blocker.
  86. 86NSAIDs are ____________ blockers, which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.COX 1 and COX 2
    Celebrex and Meloxicam are only COX 2 blockers though.    NSAIDs are ____________ blockers, which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.
  87. 87Ibuprofen is not good for which organ?kidneyIbuprofen is not good for which organ?
  88. 88MOA of acetaminophen?Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in CNSMOA of acetaminophen?
  89. 89Aspirin is tough on what bodily system?GIAspirin is tough on what bodily system?
  90. 90Drug of choice in feverish child?acetaminophenDrug of choice in feverish child?
  91. 91Why shouldn't give aspirin to children?Risk for Reye's SyndromeWhy shouldn't give aspirin to children?
  92. 92Max dose for ibuprofen and acetaminophen in a day?ibuprofen 3.2g/day
    acetaminophen 4g/day    Max dose for ibuprofen and acetaminophen in a day?
  93. 93Therapeutic effects of aspirin?COX1&2 blocker --> analgesic + anti-inflammatory
    Inhibits PG synthesis in hypothalamus --> antipyretic
    Inhibits TXA2 synthesis --> inhibits platelet aggregation --> increases bleeding time    Therapeutic effects of aspirin?
  94. 94Toxic effects of aspirin?-GI bleeding!!
    -tinnitus
    -nausea, vomiting
    -metabolic acidosis
    -decreased tubular resorption of uric acid
    -salicylism
    -delirium
    -hyperventilation    Toxic effects of aspirin?
  95. 95Corticosteroids (-one) MOAInhibits phospholipase A2 --> inhibits arachidonic acid synthesis --> analgesic + anti-inflammatoryCorticosteroids (-one) MOA
  96. 96SE of steroids-gastric ulcers
    -immunosuppression!!
    -acute adrenal insufficiency!!
    -osteoporosis
    -hyperglycemia
    -redistribution of body fat    SE of steroids
  97. 97Rule of 2sAcute adrenal insufficiency if patient has had 20mg of corticosteroids for 2 weeks within 2 years of TxRule of 2s
  98. 98Narcotics/opioids MOAMu-opioid receptor agonists in CNSNarcotics/opioids MOA
  99. 99OxyCONtinCONtrolled release form of oxycodoneOxyCONtin
  100. 100Which narcotic/opioid suppresses cough reflex?CodeineWhich narcotic/opioid suppresses cough reflex?

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Praxis Flashcards: Pharmacology Karteikarten am Pharmacology VIII (100 Flash Cards), erstellt von ACAPUN INSTITUTE am 14/07/2021.
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