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Personality Psychology Chapter 3
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- 1comprehensive taxonomy of traitsa system that includes all major personality traits
- 2traits have eitherinternal (hidden) motivations or purely descriptive
- 33 causal way to describe a person (internal trait)wants, needs, desires
- 4internal desire influencesexternal behaviour
- 5Two basic formulas of personality1. internal dispositions of influence
2. descriptive summaries expressed behaviour - 6traits that are categories of actsdominance, impulsiveness
- 73 elements of Act Frequency Research Program1.Act Nomination: Organizing traits into categories+cat. naming 2.Prototypicality Judgement:centralizing important traits in cat.
3.Recording of Act Performance: Self-Report, observer report - 8Disadvantages of Act Frequency Approach1. Context of trait, degree of relevance
2. Failures and Covert acts are not recorded
3. - 9advantages of Act Frequency Approach1. links behavioural patterns+traits
2. meaning of traits that are difficult to study
3. helps identify domains
4. predict life events - 10lexical approachall traits listed +defined in dictionary form basis of describing differences among ppl
- 11statistical approachfactor analysis/other stats. procedures to identify major traits
- 12theoretical approachresearchers rely on theories to identify traits
- 13lexical hypothesisall important individual diff. have become encoded w/in natural language
- 14synonym frequencyan attribute has not merely 1 or 2 trait adj. to describe it, instead w/ many words
- 15Cross-cultural universalitya trait will transcend cultures +codified an important trait
- 16disadvantage w/ lexical approach1. does not take into account nouns, adverbs, adjectives
- 17statistical approach starts w/1. Lexical approach
2. self-ratings reports
3. personality relevant sentences - 18goal of Stat approachidentify a map of personality
- 19factor analysisidentifies groups of items that go together but tend not to group w/ others
- 20factor loadingsdegree to w/h items correlate w/ underlying factor
- 21Disadvantage of Factor analysis1. If a trait is over looked, it will not show up in results
- 22theory helps....identify the important variables of personality
- 23Theory of Sociosexual orientationMen and women will seek 1 of 2 diff. relationships including monogamy or promiscuity
- 24Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality PENE=Extroversion/ Introversion
N=Neuroticism/ emotional stability
P=Psychoticism - 25biological underpinnings of Eysenck system1. heritability: PEN traits are genetic
2. identifiable physiological substrate: identify properties of brain/ CNS = traits - 26Disadvantages of Eysenck System1. more traits then the ones in PEN
2. many other traits are heritable then PEN - 27Cattell's Taxonomy: 16 Personality Factor Systemuses S-data+T-data to develop the true factors of personality=16 traits
- 28Timothy Leary + Jerry Wigginscircular model of personality with statistical techniques
- 29interpersonal traits Jerry Wigginswhat ppl do w/ & to each other ex. temperament, character traits
- 30interpersonal traits are also calledinteractions or dyaddic interactions
- 313 advantages of Wiggins circumplex1. clear explicit definition of interpersonal behaviour
2. specifies relationship b/w each trait & every other trait in model
3. alerts investigators to gaps in investigation - 32adjacencyhow close traits are to each other in circumplex
- 33bipolaritylocated at opposite side of circle, negatively correlate
- 34orthogonalitytraits are perpendicular to each other on model are entirely unrelated
- 35Five- factor Model of Personality OCEAN1. Openness-intellect
2. consciousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neurotism/stability - 365-factor model Allport+Odbert (1936)combined lexical(Cattell 4,500 traits)+ statistical approach (Fiske - factor analysis)
- 37Tupes&Christal 5 - factor Msimplified 22 categories of traits to 5 - factors
- 38NEO-PI-R Costa & McCraeNeuroticism-extroversion-openness Personality Inventory Revised
- 39fifth factor problem involvesfinding a correct name for openness & intellect: lexical A. across cultures
- 40Social attention is a cardinal feature ofExtraversion
- 41Critics of 5-Factor M. include traits from 7- factor m + 6-factor m1. positive/negative evaluation
2. religiosity/ spirituality
3. attractiveness - 42traits that fall outside of 5-factor MConventionality, Seductiveness, Manipulation, thriftiness, humorousness, integrity, femininity, religiosity, risk taking, egotism
- 43personality-descriptive nouns Sauier1. Dumbbell 2. Babe/cutie 3. Philosopher 4. Lawbreaker 5. Joker 6. Jock
- 44Honesty - Humilityis found in 7 languages w/ several words attached
- 45Disadvantages of 5-Factor Model1. neuroticism - does not pin point emotional problems
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- Macewan University Psychology 233 Personality Psychology : Domains of knowledge about human nature 5th edition R.J. Larsen, D.M Buss
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