Karteikarten
y12 rs all ccea 5 mark past paper questions
Karten in diesem Stapel (72)
- 1What does the Bible teach about abortion?• There is no direct teaching on abortion in the Bible; Christian attitudes
can be based on the biblical principles of sanctity of life and the
uniqueness of the foetus.
• The Bible teaches that humankind is made to resemble God, so human
life is unique (Genesis1: 26).
• The sixth commandment is ‘Do not commit murder’ (Exodus 20:13);
for many Christians this means that all taking of human life is wrong
– including abortion.
• When Jeremiah was called by God to be a prophet he was told ‘I chose
you before I gave you life’ (Jeremiah 1:5). God knows everybody from
the moment they are conceived.
• This is supported in the New Testament: ‘For as soon as I heard
your greeting, the baby within me jumped with gladness’ (Luke 1:44) - 2“Abortion should be available on the National Health Service in Northern Ireland.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answerNorthern Ireland has no adequate abortion legislation and needs the
same laws as the rest of the UK.
• Thousands of young women travel from Northern Ireland to England
for an abortion each year making a farce of the current law.
• Access to safe, legal abortion is every woman’s right.
• Abortion is a lesser evil than forcing a woman to have a child she does
not want or cannot care for.
• A religious minority should not impose their opinions on the rest of society.
On the other hand:
• The UK abortion law has been widely abused and there is virtually
‘abortion on demand’.
• Making it difficult to obtain an abortion could make a woman think
very carefully about whether it is the right choice.
• The NHS should not carry out procedures which many people in
society view as immoral.
• Many doctors and nurses in NHS hospitals would be unhappy at
having to carry out abortions. - 3Give reasons why some people are prejudiced towards those of a different race or nationality.• Ignorance and misunderstanding of the culture and customs of those
of another race.
• Fear and suspicion of those from different ethnic backgrounds.
• Fear of change in communities.
• Some people have been brought up with prejudices learnt from their
parents.
• ‘Scapegoating’ – wanting to blame others for problems in society, such
as unemployment. - 4What can Christians learn from the Bible about prejudice?• In Genesis, humankind is created in the image of God; all humans
share a spiritual likeness to God.
• In the New Testament, Paul taught that race, colour and national
identity were irrelevant in the church.
• Jesus seemed to be in favour of racial equality; in the parable of the
Good Samaritan, a member of the hated race helps a man in need.
• Jesus broke the barriers of sex and race by talking to a Samaritan woman.
• Jesus also showed no prejudice when he healed the servant of the
Roman Centurion. - 5The Christian Church does not do enough to challenge prejudice and racism in society.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer• Christians believe in one God, the creator of humankind; Christianity
teaches that any discrimination based on physical differences is wrong.
• The church should be putting this teaching into practice and be at the
forefront of those working to bring harmony to a divided society.
• Churches should follow the example of Jesus who himself broke down
barriers of gender, race and religion.
• In the past, some of the key people campaigning for equality have been
Christians (for example, Martin Luther King) so churches today should
follow this example.
On the other hand:
• Many people in society today are not Christians and would not look to
the church for moral guidance.
• We live in a multi-cultural society where the church’s voice is just one
among many; community groups would probably have more of a role
to play than the church.
• Some people would accuse the church of discrimination (for example,
attitudes towards women) so the church may not have a lot of credibility
on this issue. - 6Some people are in favour of voluntary euthanasia. Outline some of the arguments to support their point of view• Human beings should not be kept alive against their will.
• A sick animal is not left to die slowly and painfully, so why should
humans be treated in this way?
• Voluntary euthanasia can put an end to a person’s suffering quickly
and humanely.
• Voluntary euthanasia can shorten the grief and suffering of a patient’s
loved ones.
• If the law was changed, doctors could help terminally ill patients to die
without fear of legal consequences. - 7Describe the “Just War” theory.• The ideas were developed by Thomas Aquinas and are still used by
Christians today.
• The conditions are as follows:
1. The war must be declared by a legal authority.
2. The cause of the war must be just.
3. The war must be a last resort.
4. The principle of proportionality must be observed.
5. The war must have a reasonable chance of success.
6. Only sufficient force must be used. - 8Explain why some Christians are pacifists.• The life and teaching of Jesus support a pacifist approach to life.
• If killing is wrong, then war must be wrong as war is basically a matter
of killing.
• At his arrest, Jesus said ‘All who take the sword will die by the sword’
(Matthew 26:52)
• In the Sermon on the Mount Jesus taught that violence should not be
repaid with more violence (Matthew 5:39)
• Some Christians believe that in wartime their efforts should be in
helping the wounded rather than killing the ‘enemy’. - 9Outline the biblical teaching on stewardship.• At creation God put humankind ‘in charge’ of the other things he had
created (Genesis1:26-28).
• This idea is reinforced in the psalms (Psalm 8:6).
• In Exodus 23:10, the Israelites are told to let their agricultural land rest
every seventh year.
• Animals are to be cared for: ‘A good man takes care of his animals but
wicked men are cruel to theirs’ (Proverbs 12:10).
• In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught how God shows concern for
all creation, even small birds and wild flowers (Matthew 6:26-28). - 10Explain what some Christians believe about animal rights.• All creatures are part of God’s creation and therefore deserve respect.
• Animals have the right not to be abused or treated cruelly by humans
(for example, they should not be used in a laboratory for cosmetics
testing).
• Many Christians are concerned about blood sports, factory farming
and circuses – they believe animals have the right not to be treated in
these ways.
On the other hand:
• Humans are the only species created to resemble God, so they are
the only species that has rights.
• The official teaching of the Roman Catholic Church is that animals do
not have a soul and so do not have ‘rights’ as such.
• However, even though animals do not have rights, humans have a
God-given responsibility to look after them. - 11Describe some of the reasons why many couples today choose to live together rather than get married.• They may have been put off by a bad experience of marriage in the
past.
• They do not want to make a commitment, or do not feel ready to do
so.
• Nowadays, there are no financial incentives to marry (the government
recognises ‘common law’ relationships for tax or benefits).
• The couple cannot afford to get married.
• Perhaps legally they cannot marry (one of them is already married;
same sex relationship) - 12Explain how Christian teaching can help a couple in their marriage.• Marriage is the correct place for sex; Jesus taught ‘The two will
become one’ (Mark 10:8)
• Marriage is a commitment and the couple should stay together no
matter what happens; Jesus spoke against divorce (Matthew 5:32)
• The marriage bond is exclusive; there is to be no adultery (Exodus 20:14)
• Marriage should be permanent and last a lifetime; Jesus taught ‘Man
must not separate, then, what God has joined together’ (Mark 10:9)
• Paul taught that wives are to submit to their husbands, who are to love
their wives as much as Christ loves the church (Ephesians 5:22-25) - 13Explain why a Christian couple would decide not to have sex until they are married• the Bible teaches that sex should take place within marriage –
(Genesis 2:24)
• waiting until marriage for sex avoids the risk of an unwanted
pregnancy or STI
• people can become emotionally hurt by having sex in a
relationship which is not a life-long commitment. - 14“Roman Catholic priests should be allowed to get married.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.• there is a decline in the number of young men who want to
become priests; they may be deterred by the commitment of
celibacy
• being married would give priests better experience of the
difficulties of marriage and family life
• Protestant churches allow clergy to marry and they are still
respected.
On the other hand:
• to be a priest is a very special calling from God; being celibate
sets a priest apart from the rest of the community
• being celibate shows that a priest is really committed to the
priesthood
• a celibate priest is able to devote more of his time and energy to
his parish; he does not have the divided loyalties of a wife and
family. - 15What can Christians learn from the Bible about caring for the world?• God created people to look after the planet, not to destroy it – this
is the idea of stewardship
• at creation God put humankind “in charge” of the other things he
had created (Genesis 1:26–28)
• this idea is reinforced in the psalms (Psalm 8:6)
“The world and all that is in it belong to the Lord” (Psalm 21:1–2)
• in Exodus 23:10, the Israelites are told to let their agricultural land
rest every seventh year. - 16Explain how local churches can show responsibility for the environment• churches may follow the practical example given by Jesus in his
ministry; Jesus became involved in the society around him, so
Christians could lobby the government on environmental concerns
• churches can lead by example, such as being actively involved in
recycling, sustainable energy alternatives or schemes to clean up
part of the local environment
• church leaders can encourage members of their congregation to
take environmental issues seriously and examine their own
lifestyles
• churches can support groups working in the developing world,
trying to encourage sustainable lifestyles and a better standard of
living (e.g. Tearfund, Christian Aid). - 17“Christians have a responsibility to be concerned with animal rights.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.• animals are to be cared for: “A good man takes care of his
animals but wicked men are cruel to theirs” (Proverbs 12:10).
• in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught how God shows
concern for all creation, even small birds and wild flowers
(Matthew 6:26–28)
• following the example of famous Christians (e.g. St Francis of
Assisi) it is important to show kindness to animals
• practices such as vivisection, cruel sports and factory farming are
wrong; Christians should take a stand against them.
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On the other hand:
• we live in a world where many people have to endure living
conditions far worse than those of our animals, such as starvation
and homelessness; Christians should be more concerned about
the rights of disadvantaged people
• animals do not have souls; only humans are made in the image of
God
• some Christians would argue that although human beings have a
responsibility to treat animals decently, animals do not have rights
in the same way people do - 18Describe how some people are disadvantaged in society today.• disability: some disabled people face discrimination in
employment
• economic inequality: poor people are not just those living in the
developing world; many people in our society live in poverty
• sexism: some people believe that women are still not treated
equally to men in our society
• ageism: many older people in our society are looked down on and
face discrimination
• racism: this is becoming a particular problem in Northern Ireland
as people from many different races are choosing to live here
• religious inequality: many people may feel they are treated
unfairly because of their religious beliefs. - 19Give some reasons why people are in favour of abortion.• it is a woman’s right to choose what happens to her body
• every child should be a wanted child
• there may be special circumstances, such as a pregnancy which
is the result of rape or incest or a very young girl becoming
pregnant
• there may be medical considerations – the physical or mental
health of the mother may be at risk, or there may be foetal
abnormalities
• women need access to abortion in order to achieve social and
economic equality with men. - 20Explain what is meant by the terms “active” and “passive” euthanasia.• euthanasia means “a gentle and easy death”; it is sometimes
called “mercy killing” and involves the premature death of a
person who is terminally ill and in pain
• “active euthanasia” is when the patient asks someone to help
them die; for example, a doctor may be asked to deliberately
cause death through an overdose of pain killers
• “passive euthanasia” is when a person does not directly take a
patient’s life; they are allowed to die through the withholding of
treatment, and/or nourishment. - 21Why do so many marriages end in divorce?• pressures of modern living – debt, depression, unemployment –
can weaken the marriage bond
• health problems, infertility and sexual problems can cause some
marriages to fail
• adultery; lack of commitment to one person for life
• alcohol and drug abuse; gambling
• domestic violence
• unrealistic expectations about being married
• couples marrying too young or for the wrong reasons
(e.g. unplanned pregnancy). - 22Explain how divorce affects all members of the family• the couple themselves – one or both partners may experience
depression, financial insecurity, awkwardness with shared friends
or limited contact with their children
• the children – loss of contact with a parent, less money in the
family, a lone parent who has to work longer hours, possible
separation from a sibling, feelings of guilt
• the grandparents – feelings of resentment towards former
son/daughter-in-law, possible separation from grandchildren,
blaming themselves for not doing more to help
• some may focus on more positive aspects of divorce, referring to
situations where family members were suffering prior to the
divorce. - 23Describe some difficulties faced by minority faith groups.• prejudice and discrimination, as many people are ignorant or
misinformed about their faith
• open hostility, for example, “Islamophobia” – a hatred of Muslims
as many people believe them responsible for terrorist attacks on
western society
• practical problems, such as a lack of religious buildings or having
to travel long distances to attend worship
• lack of opportunity to celebrate religious festivals and
observances; employers may be unsympathetic about time off
work
• the school syllabus and assemblies might be inappropriate and
unsympathetic towards children of minority faith groups. - 24Explain how Christians can show respect to people of other religions.• many Christians feel it is important to work for “inter-faith
understanding” and celebrate diversity in society
• all the main churches here are involved in a range of activities
aiming to bring about inter-faith dialogue; there is emphasis on
Christians being involved with people of other faiths without trying
to convert them
• Christianity teaches that it is important to get on with your
neighbour; this involves learning about other cultures and trying to
promote a more harmonious society
• some Christians may be involved with the Northern Ireland
Inter-Faith Forum, an organisation which aims to promote
understanding between different faiths
• support and defend minorities when they witness
prejudice/discrimination
• practical ways – love, befriend, get to know them and their culture
and customs. - 25Explain why some Christians are not in favour of euthanasia.• the Bible teaches that taking the life of another person is wrong
(Exodus 20:13)
• the idea of the sanctity of human life – only God has the right to
decide when a person’s life should end
• following the example of Jesus, Christians should support
measures to care for the sick and dying. - 26“It is my right to decide when I want to die.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer• some people now make their wishes about medical care known in
an Advanced Directive; patients should also be able to request
euthanasia in these documents
• in a civilised society, people should be allowed to die with dignity
if that is their wish.
On the other hand:
• if Euthanasia was legal, then some vulnerable people, like the
elderly or disabled, may feel under pressure to choose euthanasia
• doctors also have the right to care for patients, rather than being
forced to go against their beliefs and perform euthanasia
• however great the suffering a person is experiencing, they should
consider the family and friends they are leaving behind. - 27Describe the Just War theory• the ideas were developed by Thomas Aquinas and are still used
by Christians today.
The conditions are as follows:
• the war must be declared by a legal authority
• the cause of the war must be just
• the war must be a last resort
• the principle of proportionality must be observed
• the war must have a reasonable chance of success
• only sufficient force must be used. - 28What can Christians learn from the Bible about war and peace?• the life and teaching of Jesus support a pacifist approach to life
• the Bible teaches that killing is wrong, therefore war is also wrong
• at his arrest, Jesus said “All who take the sword will die by the
sword” (Matthew 26:52)
• in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught that violence should
not be repaid with more violence. - 29“The world would be a better place if more people were pacifists.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.• on a global scale, there would be less wars and therefore less
killing and damage to buildings and resources
• more public money could be spent on education and healthcare
than supporting the military and buying weapons
• if more people were pacifists then there would also be less
fighting and aggression in the local community, and everyone
would benefit.
On the other hand:
• there are always examples in the news of violent and aggressive
attacks by one country on another; the only way to stop this is by
armed conflict
• pacifist methods – peaceful demonstrations, strikes, sanctions,
etc. – are not immediately effective
• sometimes dictators need to be challenged; pacifism would not
have worked against Hitler or Saddam Hussein, for example
• in the Bible, God gives his approval for wars to be fought; this
shows that armed conflict can sometimes be justified. - 30Outline the Christian teaching on marriage.marriage is sacred and ordained by God; Jesus taught “The two
will become one” (Mark 10:8) repeating God’s words from
Genesis
• marriage is a commitment and the couple should stay together no
matter what happens; Jesus spoke against divorce (Matthew 5:32)
• marriage should be permanent and last a lifetime; Jesus taught
“Man must not separate what God has joined together”
(Mark 10:9)
• Paul taught that wives are to submit to their husbands, who are to
love their wives as much as Christ loves the church (Ephesians
5:22–25). - 31Why are some people in favour of capital punishment?• a person who takes the life of another deserves to forfeit their own
life
• it is cheaper than keeping a person in prison for life
• other people will be deterred from committing similar crimes
• society is protected from a dangerous criminal re-offending
• the Bible allows capital punishment for murder. - 32Explain what the Bible teaches about repentance.• everyone deserves a second chance; the Bible teaches that God
will forgive those who repent
• Matthew 18:21–35 – Jesus taught in the Parable of the
Unforgiving Servant that a person who is genuinely sorry can be
forgiven
• Luke 15:11–32 – Jesus’ Parable of the Lost Son teaching that
although the son did wrong, when he repented his father forgave
him
• repentance and forgiveness are key teachings associated with the
death and resurrection of Jesus. - 33Describe some of the causes of racism in society.• some people have been brought up with racist opinions, learnt
from their parents
• sometimes people try to blame others for their problems, such as
unemployment, and pick on those who are of a different race or
nationality
• some racism is the result of ignorance and misunderstanding
about the culture of others
• a person may have had a bad experience with someone of a
different race which leaves them with a negative impression. - 34Explain what the Bible teaches about prejudice.• in Genesis, humankind is created in the image of God; all humans
share a spiritual likeness to God
• in the New Testament, Paul taught that race, colour and national
identity were irrelevant to the church
• Jesus seemed to be in favour of racial equality; in the parable of
the Good Samaritan, a member of the hated race helps a man in
need
• Jesus broke the barriers of sex and race by talking to a Samaritan
woman
• Jesus showed no prejudice when he healed the servant of the
Roman Centurion. - 35Describe some of the ways in which people are harming the earth.• making no effort to reduce the amount of fossil fuels used; using
the car when not really necessary, for example
• being irresponsible with rubbish disposal and littering
• wasting energy by leaving electrical equipment running or lights
left on
• not making enough effort to reduce waste and recycle where
possible
• buying goods from overseas when locally produced items are
available. - 36Explain why some Christians are against experiments on animals.• the Bible teaches that animals are to be cared for: “A good man
takes care of his animals but wicked men are cruel to theirs”
(Proverbs 12:10)
• experiments on animals are cruel and unnecessary and go
against the biblical idea of stewardship (Genesis 1:26–28)
• animals have the right not to be treated cruelly and animal testing
involves suffering and pain
• however, humans have rights that animals do not have. Animals
can be used in the laboratory if humans will benefit, for example
testing new medicines
• animals can be used responsibly for the benefit of humans; we
are the only creatures made in God’s image. - 37Explain what the Bible teaches about caring for the environment.• at creation, God put humankind “in charge” of the other things he
had created (Genesis 1:26–28)
• God created people to look after the planet, not to destroy it – this
is the idea of stewardship
• this idea is reinforced in the Psalms (Psalm 8:6)
• in Exodus 23:10, the Israelites are told to let their agricultural land
rest every seventh year
• Christians can follow the example of Jesus who took an active
interest in issues concerning the society of his day. - 38“There are more important issues in the world than protecting the environment.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer• we live in a world where many people have to endure starvation,
homelessness and human rights abuses. The rights of
disadvantaged people are more important than the environment
• war, conflict and fighting between nations are another important
issue
• issues of human relationships, such as prejudice, racism and
discrimination need to be addressed before environmental issues.
On the other hand:
• caring for the environment is vitally important as the earth is our
home
• God created the world so we should look after his creation
• we have a duty to protect the environment for future generations. - 39Why do some people think euthanasia should be allowed?• everyone has the right to decide how and when they should die;
they should not have to travel overseas adding further stress to a
difficult situation
• if the law was changed, doctors could legally act on a patient’s
desire to die without further suffering
• euthanasia can quickly and humanely end a patient’s suffering
• euthanasia can help to shorten the grief and suffering of the
patient’s loved ones
• the law in the UK already acknowledges that a person can take
their own life with the Suicide Act of 1961. - 40Explain what Christians mean by “sanctity of human life”.• people are made in the image of God
• God has a purpose for individuals
• only God has the right to decide when life should end. - 41A religious faith can help a person cope with serious illness.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.• there is hope of life after death
• a religious faith can help a person die with dignity as they know
this is God’s will
• not having a fear of death can help a person get through their last
days
• a strong faith can also help family members to cope with a loved
one’s illness and death.
On the other hand:
• many people with no religion can face a terminal illness with
courage and dignity
• some people with a religious faith may find themselves having
doubts or question why God has allowed this to happen
• a believer coping with the death of a loved one may also find it
difficult to accept that this is God’s will. - 42What did Jesus teach about forgiveness?Jesus taught his followers that they must be prepared to forgive
others
• God is willing to forgive those people who are genuine about
repentance
• when teaching about prayer, Jesus taught “Forgive the wrongs we
have done as we forgive the wrongs that have been done to us”
• the message of the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant reinforces
the idea of the importance of forgiving others after receiving God’s
forgiveness
• a similar message is taught in the Parable of the Lost Son. - 43Give some reasons why there has been a rise in the number of abortions in our society.• more people are having sex outside marriage, so more unplanned
and unwanted pregnancies occur
• abortion is easier to get nowadays; women in Northern Ireland
who want an abortion can easily travel to England
• women’s rights have reinforced the view that a woman should
decide what happens to her body
• less people in society are Christians, so sanctity of life arguments
are becoming less relevant
• abortion is seen by many people as being more acceptable than
in the past. - 44Explain why some people believe that every woman should have the right to an abortion.a woman has the right to choose what happens to her body
• no woman should be forced to go through with an unwanted
pregnancy
• no contraception is totally reliable
• if a woman is denied an abortion she may resort to a dangerous
alternative – unhygienic back street abortions. - 45Outline Christian teaching on divorce.• in the Old Testament, God’s standard for marriage was for it to be
viewed as a permanent relationship (Malachi 2:16)
• Jesus reinforced this idea: “No human being must separate, then,
what God has joined together” (Matthew 19:6)
• Jesus may have appeared to allow divorce if there had been
unfaithfulness in the marriage (Matthew 19:9)
• Paul was not in favour of divorce; if a couple separated they were
not to remarry (1 Corinthians 7:10–11)
• candidates may also refer to the teaching of specific churches.
Note: it is a grey issue – open to interpretation - 46Explain how the vows taken in a Christian marriage service can help a couple in their married life.• marriage is the right place for a sexual relationship: “To have and
to hold from this day forward”
• in marriage, two people give themselves exclusively to each other
and should remain faithful to each other: “Forsaking all others”
• the marriage should be permanent: “Till death do us part”
• the couple should stand by each other, even during difficulties:
“For better for worse, for richer and poorer, in sickness and in
health”
• marriage is God’s intention for a couple: “According to God’s holy
law”. - 47Describe what is meant by pacifism.• pacifism is the belief that war and violence are wrong and cannot
be justified
• pacifists believe that conflicts should be settled by peaceful
means, such as a demonstration or strike at work, for example
• an absolute pacifist believes it is never right to take part in any
killing, even in self defence
• conditional pacifism accepts that there may be extreme
circumstances where war is the best alternative
• a selective pacifist may reject certain types of war, such as a
conflict using nuclear weapons, for example. - 48Explain why some Christians are pacifists.• some Christians choose to be pacifists as the Bible says “Do not
kill”; this is taken to mean in all situations, including war
• some Christians reject all fighting and war, believing that the life
and teaching of Jesus supports a pacifist approach to life
• in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught that violence should
not be repaid with more violence
• at his arrest, Jesus said: “All who take the sword will die by the
sword” when his disciples tried to fight the armed crowd
• some Christians believe that in wartime they should help the
wounded rather than kill the “enemy”. - 49Explain some of the reasons why a marriage might end in divorce.• Pressures of modern living, e.g. debt, depression, unemployment, can
weaken the marriage bond.
• Health problems, infertility and sexual problems can cause some
marriages to fail.
• Adultery; lack of commitment to one person for life.
• Addiction: alcohol; drug abuse; gambling.
• Domestic violence.
• Unrealistic expectations about being married.
• Couples marrying too young or for the wrong reasons (e.g. unplanned
pregnancy). - 50“Only couples who attend church regularly should be allowed to get married in church.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.• Christianity teaches that marriage is sacred; a church wedding involves
promises being made before God, therefore it is only appropriate for
committed Christians.
• A church is a religious building used for worship; if a bride and groom
are not Christians, their marriage is a social occasion and should not
take place in a Christian place of worship.
• Some people have a church wedding for the wrong reasons – they want
a traditional ‘white wedding’ with all the trimmings.
On the other hand:
• People have the right to choose where they get married.
• The rest of the family might want or expect a church wedding.
• For many couples, getting married in church is traditional even if they
are not particularly religious.
• The priest/minister has no right to refuse anyone a church ceremony;
everyone is welcome in God’s house. - 51Give some reasons why abortion is a controversial issue.• Many people are in favour of abortion believing that it is a woman’s right
to choose what happens to her body.
• There is divided opinion about special circumstances, such as a
pregnancy which is the result of rape or where the foetus may have
abnormalities.
• Many people believe that every child should be a wanted child.
• However, others maintain that life begins at conception; all human life
must be protected and this includes the unborn. Abortion is regarded as
murder.
• Those with strong religious views may be opposed to abortion and feel
it has little or no benefits to society - 52Explain biblical and church teaching about the sanctity of human life.• Humans are the only species created in the image of God (Genesis
1:28) so human life must be respected and not disposed of in the way
animal life might be treated.
• Only God has the right to decide when a life should end.
• The Bible teaches that human life is special to God even when a baby
is in the womb. Jeremiah was called to be a prophet before he was born
(Jeremiah 1:5) and Luke describes how John the Baptist recognised he
was in the presence of someone greater, when Mary visited Elizabeth
(Luke 1:41). - 53“Abortion is sometimes the best alternative to an unplanned pregnancy.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.• Abortion is needed in cases where the woman’s life may be at risk, the
baby might face severe disabilities or in the case of rape.
• The future life of the pregnant woman is more important than that of the
baby she is carrying.
• It is not fair to expect a woman who has been raped to prolong the
trauma by carrying the baby for nine months then giving birth.
On the other hand:
• Abortion is not necessarily a quick and easy solution to an unwanted
pregnancy. It can have physical side effects and leave long-lasting
emotional scars on a woman.
• There is always an alternative to abortion that does not involve the
destruction of the foetus, such as adoption. This option enables
childless couples to bring up a child.
• Abortion might seem to be the answer to an unplanned pregnancy that
interferes with plans for a career or education. An alternative could be to
have the baby and delay these plans until later.
• Raising the child as a single parent would be better than an abortion as
the baby has a chance of life - 54Describe any three of the conditions for a just warAnswers may include any three of the following points:
• The war must be declared by a legal authority.
• The cause of the war must be just.
• The war must be a last resort.
• The principle of proportionality must be observed.
• The war must have a reasonable chance of success.
• Only sufficient force must be used.
• Peace must be restored at the end.
• No harm to civilians. - 55Give some reasons why couples might choose to live together rather than get married.• They simply feel that marriage is not necessary; their relationship is
strong enough without a ceremony.
• The cost of a wedding might deter some people from getting married.
• There may be a reason why they cannot get married, perhaps one of
them is already married or they might be a same sex couple.
• They may have had a bad experience of marriage in the past, perhaps
from a former relationship or from seeing their parent’s marriage end in
difficulties.
• Nowadays, many people do not feel there are strong religious reasons
to get married. - 56Explain Bible and church teaching about sexual relationships.• The Bible teaches that sex should take place within marriage (Genesis
2:24). This ideal for marriage is re-emphasised by Jesus in his teaching.
• A married couple are to give themselves exclusively to their partner
(Exodus 20:14 ‘Do not commit adultery’).
• Some candidates may refer to Bible teaching on homosexual
relationships.
• The teachings of various churches may also be considered on sex
before marriage, same sex relationships and co-habitation - 57Describe what is meant by Christian stewardship.• Christian stewardship is the idea of accepting responsibility for the Earth
and caring for it.
• At creation, God put humankind ‘in charge’ of the other things he had
created (Genesis 1:26–28).
• This teaching is reinforced in the Psalms (Psalms 8:6).
• In Exodus 23:10, the Israelites are told to let their agricultural land rest
every seventh year.
• Animals are to be cared for: ‘A good man takes care of his animals but
wicked men are cruel to theirs’ (Proverbs 12:10).
• Christians believe that although we live on this earth, people do not own
it as the world is ‘on loan’ from God. - 58Explain what some Christians believe about animal rights.• Some Christians believe that animals do not have rights. Humans are
the only species made in God’s image; animals do not have souls and
so do not have rights.
• However, animals do have the right to be treated decently by humans.
We should not be cruel to them or neglect their needs.
• Some Christians believe that animals do have rights. They are creatures
created by God and we should respect his creation.
• Many Christians support animal rights issues. They would be against
animal testing, hunting, animals used in circuses and zoos. - 59Describe what the Bible teaches about justice.• The Old Testament taught the principle of limited revenge; the
punishment should fit the crime and not be too extreme (‘An eye for an
eye’ Leviticus 24:20).
• However, Jesus taught ‘If someone hits you on the right cheek, turn the
other cheek’ (Matthew 5:38–39). By this teaching, Jesus was not saying
that justice did not matter, but that he was totally opposed to evil; Jesus
said that revenge was wrong and must be replaced by forgiveness.
• The Bible teaches that God wants justice. In Amos 5: 24, God says: ‘Let
justice roll on like a river, righteousness like a never-failing stream.’
• Jesus taught the need for forgiveness towards people who had done
wrong for example, The Parable of the Unmerciful Servant (Matthew
18:21–35) and The Lord’s Prayer (Matthew 5:9–14).
• A person should receive forgiveness, but still be punished for what they
have done wrong - 60Explain some of the aims of restorative justice.• Restorative Justice is a problem-solving approach to crime. It aims to
involve the offender, the victim and the community.
• This approach works to resolve conflict and repair harm.
• Restorative Justice does this by getting the offender to consider the
harm they have done and gives them the opportunity to put things right.
• Restorative Justice offers those who have suffered harm or loss the
opportunity to have this acknowledged and amends made.
• The victims of crime, those who have committed crime and the
community all need to work together; restorative justice aims to provide
the opportunity for this to happen. - 61Explain Christian teaching on abortion.• The Bible does not have any direct references to abortion. However,
candidates may refer to passages which emphasise that human life is
special as it is created by God.
• In Jeremiah 1:5, God says to Jeremiah ‘I chose you before I gave
you life, and before you were born I chose you to be a prophet to the
nations.’ Psalm 139 teaches that God knows all about each person in
minute detail, as he has created each one of us. In his Gospel, Luke
describes a meeting between Mary and Elizabeth. Elizabeth’s unborn
child leapt in the womb in recognition of Mary’s child. All these passages
imply that human life is God-given and important right from the moment
of conception.
• Christians accept the sanctity of human life. This refers to the idea
that all human life must be respected and not treated in the same way
as plant and animal life. Genesis 1:27 states ‘So God created human
beings, making them to be like himself.’ All human life has been created
by God in his image and only he has the right to decide when it should
end.
Some may refer to hard cases eg rape - 62“Every woman should have the right to an abortion.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer• Women need the right to abortion in order to have full rights over their
own bodies, including the right to decide whether or not to give birth.
Without this right, women do not have the same moral status as men.
• If abortion is illegal then women can be put at risk by being forced to
use unsafe methods of abortion.
• A woman might not be able to cope with having a child if she has been
raped, is too young or if there are health risks.
• A foetus is only a potential human being but there can be no doubt
about the humanity of the mother.
On the other hand:
• Some people argue that all human life is of equal value; even a foetus
or an embryo has a right to life.
• A foetus is not just a part of a woman’s body, but is a unique and
individual human being.
• An abortion is the deliberate killing of an innocent human being; all
killing is wrong.
• No one has the right to complete control over their body. For example,
there are laws against euthanasia. - 63Outline Christian teaching on marriage• Marriage is sacred and ordained by God; Jesus taught ‘The two will
become one’ (Mark 10:8) repeating God’s words from Genesis.
• Marriage is a commitment and the couple should stay together no
matter what happens; Jesus spoke against divorce (Matthew 5:32).
• Marriage should be permanent and last a lifetime; Jesus taught ‘Man
must not separate, then, what God has joined together’ (Mark 10:9).
• Paul taught that wives are to submit to their husbands, who are to love
their wives as much as Christ loves the church (Ephesians 5:22-25). - 64Explain some of the difficulties a couple might face in their marriage.• Pressures of modern living – these might include debt, depression,
unemployment.
• Health problems, infertility and sexual problems could be difficulties a
couple might have to face.
• Adultery; lack of commitment to the marriage from one or both partners.
• Alcohol and drug abuse; gambling.
• Domestic violence.
• Having to cope with a traumatic situation, such as illness or the death of
a child. - 65“Marriage is the best way to show commitment to your partner.” Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer• Biblical and Church teaching emphasises that a sexual relationship
should not take place until a couple are married. ‘That is why a man
leaves his father and mother and is united with his wife, and they
became one’ (Genesis 2:24).
• The Bible also teaches that a married couple are to remain faithful to
each other ‘Do not commit adultery’ (Exodus 20:14).
• A sexual relationship needs a deep level of understanding and
commitment between a couple and this can only come from marriage.
• Pre-marital sex can lead to many problems for the individual and
society, such as an increase in STIs, unwanted pregnancy and an
increase in the abortion rate.
On the other hand:
• Many people nowadays choose not to get married, but to live together
as man and wife; they do not need a wedding ceremony to have a
committed relationship.
• Nowadays many people delay marriage to pursue their career and may
have a number of close relationships before finally marrying
• Some couples choose to live together as a ‘trial marriage’ before making
a final commitment. - 66Describe some of the ways in which the environment has been damaged.• Making no effort to reduce the amount of fossil fuels used; using the car
when not really necessary, for example.
• Being irresponsible with rubbish disposal and littering.
• Wasting energy by leaving electrical equipment running or lights left on.
• Not making enough effort to reduce waste and recycle where possible.
• Buying goods from overseas when locally produced items are available - 67What is a pacifist?• A pacifist believes that war and violence are wrong and cannot be
justified.
• Pacifists believe that conflicts should be settled by peaceful means,
such as a demonstration or strike at work, for example.
• An absolute pacifist believes it is never right to take part in any killing,
even in self-defence.
• Conditional pacifism accepts that there may be extreme circumstances
where war is the best alternative.
• A selective pacifist may reject certain types of war, such as a conflict
using nuclear weapons, for example. - 68Explain what the Bible teaches about war and peace.• The idea of a ‘holy war’ carried out on the authority of God is prominent
in the Old Testament. The Israelites had to fight their way into the
Promised Land to take possession of the country God had given to
them.
• The Old Testament also speaks of how war is inevitable; Ecclesiastes
3:1 and 8 states: ‘Everything that happens in this world happens at the
time God chooses…the time for war and the time for peace.’
• However, in the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught that violence
should not be repaid with more violence and replaced the Jewish
principle of ‘Eye for eye and tooth for tooth’ with a higher standard – that
violence should never be returned. At his arrest, Jesus said ‘All who
take the sword will die by the sword’ (Matthew 26:52). - 69Describe some arguments against the death penalty.• The death penalty could be seen by some people as an easy way out. It
would be better for an offender to be imprisoned for life and have to live
with the guilt of what they had done.
• Mistakes can be made and innocent people could be sentenced to
death.
• The Bible teaches that any taking of human life is wrong. Only God has
the right to take life.
• The death penalty makes the state as bad as the criminals they are
trying to punish. Jesus taught that retribution was not the way to deal
with wrongdoing. - 70Explain what Christians teach about repentance.• Remorse without repentance is insufficient.
• The Lord’s Prayer and the parable of the unforgiving servant – God will
forgive, but we must forgive others.
• Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.
• Turn the other cheek, do not seek revenge.
• When he was on the cross, Jesus forgave those who crucified him - 71Describe what the Bible teaches about prejudice.• In Genesis, humankind is created in the image of God; all humans
share a spiritual likeness to God.
• In the New Testament, Paul taught that race, colour and national identity
were irrelevant to the church.
• Jesus seemed to be in favour of racial equality; in the parable of the
Good Samaritan, a member of the hated race helps a man in need.
• Jesus broke the barriers of sex and race by talking to a Samaritan
woman.
• Jesus showed no prejudice when he healed the servant of the Roman
Centurion. - 72Explain why some people are prejudiced towards those of a different race or religion.• Some people have been brought up with prejudiced opinions, learnt
from their parents.
• Sometimes people try to blame others for their problems, such as
unemployment, and pick on those who are of a different race or religion.
• Some prejudice is the result of ignorance and misunderstanding about
the culture of others.
• A person may have had a bad experience with someone of a different
religion or race which leaves them with a negative impression.
• Some people may believe that their religion is the only way to God.
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