PPP AEP Flashcards

Frage	Antworten
Which compensation method reduces risks for architects	Direct Personnel Expense
Riparian Rights	Owners and the allocations of rights they have on the water at waterfront properties
Efficiency Ratio	Net vs Gross
Utilization Ratio	Billable hours divided by Total Hrs worked
Index Method Type	Area of space vs. Occupants
Project Development Budget (includes everything, 7 steps)	1. Site acquisition & Purchase 2. Construction 3. AEC fees 4. Bids permits reports 5. Inspection & Testing 6. Contingencies 7. Financing
3 Ways to Estimate	Unit Costs Historical Data Costs per SF
4 main items considered during Programming	Function Form Budget Schedule
Ways to perform an Architectural Analysis	Space Matrix Bubble Diagram Blocking/Stacking
5 Phases of Programming (nothing to do with budget/schedule.)	Data Goals Functions Priorities Research the Requirements
Program Format: from smallest to largest	Total Building Group: all the buildings within a complex or building group; master plan, drawn at a small scale. Component Building: any single building within the group. Activity Center: individual spaces related to each other by function. Space Unit: each individual space.
Gravel Sand Silt Clay Organic	Gravel - 2mm+ Sand - .05 - 2mm Silt - .002 - .05 Clay - <.002 Organic - Do Not Use
Deed Restrictions vs Restrictive Covenants	Deed Restrictions are issued by developers statign what building type the land can be used for. Restrictive covenenats restrict aesthetics on residential properties: allowable colors, lawn ornaments, etc.
Rural sites more expensive to develop than urban/suburban because	they often have limited, outdated, or no utilities. adding them will be expensive.
4 Parts of a Program Statement	Programming Statement Relationship and Flow Diagram Functional Program Facilities Program
Wetlands and archaeological sites affect	Buildable area
What orientation should a building face to maximize energy efficiency to take full advantage fo teh sun in summer and in winter?	It should face south (in the northern hemisphere)
High water table solutions	pump the water out waterproof the basement walls design the basement walls to resist hydrostatic pressure install continuous drainpipe at the foundation
most economical foundation type	spread footing (delivers load directly to the soil.)
Whats the case if mat or pile foundations are being used?	expansive or poor soil conditions.
Typical slope for a sidewalk	4-10%
FF&E should be selected during programming. This is to	Ensure functional relationships Ensure equipment can be installed at the location provided Impact on budge and schedule
Different bldg materials impact on preservation efforts	No longer available? may need to be recreated, replicated or replaced with something similar to match the character of the bld.
Process of historical preservation	Stabilize Protect Repair Replacement (In that order)
2 Historical features to be addressed for historical bldg rehabilitiation	1. MAIN ENTRANCE 2. RESTROOMS
Most expensive preservation method	Reconstruction
Massing Diagrams	Matrix Chart Bubble Blocking/Stacking
What is a baseline?	A parallel line (following latitudes of the earth) used as the basis as the E-W layout in a survey.
What are considerations for a project with multiple phases?	Programming, Budget/Schedule, Staging
FFE Budget	Usually 3-4 times the interior design fees
FFE for short project schedules?	thorough research of FFE needs Lead times and budget assessments ensure they fit
Arch should consider the following when choosing FFE	Budget Schedule Spatial requirements Building code MEP requirements
Program Format Examples	Total Bldg Group: Civic Center Component Building: City Hall Activity Center: Dept of Planning Space Unit: Conference Room
What is Pro Forma?	Financial Analysis (done by the client) shows project costs and return on investment.
Time Based MEthods of Billing	Multiple of Direct Salary Expense Direct Personnel Expense Hourly Billing Rate
Preliminary Survey done by sending office employee to check out the conditions of the site.	Basic. Doesn't include topo, offsets, benchmarks
Datum	shown on a survey as distance above sea level (or some other reference point)
Topo lines with Vs pointing East represent	Water running downhill from east to west.
Sheet flow	water that flows across pavement
Categories of Land Use	Residential Commercial Industrial Open/Conservation Institutional Agricultural Gment Natural Resources
Soil TYpes are classified based on	the size of particles of the soil
Party Wall agreement	how to carry out constrution on a shared wall (typically owned by who builds the party wall
Sewage Drain line slope	2% and 2-10' per second
Feasibility Studies include	site considerations location considerations identification of potential land issues codes/ordiances
Final Program Documents include:	Executive Summary Program Development methodology Value & Goal statements Relevant facts conclusions derived from data analysis Relationships to diagrams Flow diagrams matrices space listings by functions and size space program sheets
What is a General Obligation Bond?	A Municipal bond issued when a state or location gment wants to raise money for a project. Shareholders are guaranteed to be repaid using future tax revenues.
Module 2	Module 2
EIS	Required by US environmental law by NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act)
EIA (mini EIS)	an evaluation of possible impact (both positive and negative). Covers environmental, social, and economic impacts.
4 sections of EIS	Intro Description Range of Alternatives Analysis
EIR (SIm to EIA)	also informs agencies and public of a projects environmental impacts.
3 decsiosn that may be rendered after reviewing for environmental impact?	Negative Declaration (No EIR Required) Mitigated Negative Declaration (could have nimpact, EIR may not be rqd) EIR Required (significant impact)
What is an aquifer?	a layer of water flowing underground (underground stream)
Soil Bearing Capacities	Silt/Clay 1-4k psf Compacted sand/Fill 2-3k psf Graded Gravel/Sand 3-10k psf Bedrock 12k psf
Which foundation is most expensive	Mat Foundation
End Bearing Pile (2-3x cost of spread footings)	concrete stick (pile) driven into the ground until the tip meets firm Resistance.
The closer the contour	The higher the elevation.
What is a ridge?	a ridge is a thin flat area that slopes down both sides. Indicated by contours which point downhill.
Summits and dpressions	indicated by closed contours and includes spot elevation showing high/low spot.
What is permitted to be steeper? A cut slope? or a filled slope?	a cut slope. Cut earth is more stable than filled earth (since cut earth has been there for millions of years.
Least expensive way to grade a site?	balance the amount of cut/fill.
5 surface drainage systems	gutters culverts gabions channels dense planting areas
3 goals of a storm drainage system	prevent pooling/ponding prevent flooding prevent erosion
3 types of land assessments	Income Approach Market Approach Cost Approach
Amortization	paying off a loan in regular installments over a period of time.
Determinations of Land Value	Comparison Method Development Method Residual Income Approach Allocation Method
Types of Loans	Blanket Deed of Trust Mezzanine Bridge Conventional Mortgage
Net density	ratio of people to the land, but excludes streets,k open spaces, and parks. Gross Includes these.
Typical Housing Patterns	Street Front End On Cluster Court PUD Urban Renewal
Ahwahnee Principles	development should be compact but provide open space thru squares or parks Housing for variety of people instead of separating them by income, age, family situation
3 Principles of Ahwanee	Community Regional Implimentation
Building Comissioning	Engineering process to test, audit and verify mechanical systems in a building to make sure they're operating at peak efficiency.
Life Cycle Costing	shows that the initial purchase and installation cost, but also the cost of a lifetime of use. Spending an extra 1000 now could save you 500 more annually ongoing.
TCSA	regulates new chemicals before going on the market
rhthym	repeating elements
symmetry	mirrored elements
R-Value	measurement of a materials ability to retain and resist heat transmission. the higher the better.
U-Value	Inverse of RValue. measures how a window retains temps. the lower the better.
Greywater comes from showers and laundry	Reuse thsi water for watering lawn and flushing toilets to reduce water use.
Module 3	Module 3
Primary purpose of zoning	to protect the rights of the property owners and ensure quality of life for residents.
Condition Use vs. Variance	Condition Use: building allowed where it normally wouldnt be Variance = Deviation from an ordinance to avoid economic hardship or physical constraint
Setback vs. easement	setback = how close a bldg can come to a property line Easement = access to a property for utilities etc.
Prescriptive Code	specifies techniques, materials, methods
Performance code	Describes functional requirements
How FAR impacts bldg site & design	it determines the upper limits of square footage allowed on the property based on lot size, use, type, and fire zone. Design elements include fire separations, dampers, construction type, and fire sprinklers can increase the FAR limit.
Incidental Use vs. accessory use	Incidental use = areas must be separated by 1HR fire barrier and have self closing doors with no air transfer openings and/or have fire suppression system accessory = cannot exceed 10% of total floor area
how does type of Construction of a bldg affect final design?	it determines limitations of size and height
3 Elements involved in means of egress	Exit Access (Distance) Exit (Door) Exit Discharge (Path to public way)
What is a fire tower?	a stair built from non-combustible construction and connected with mechanically vented vestibules. Required if bld is 75' or taller.
Basic Principles of Street Design	Traffic Lights at intersections with ore than 750 cars per hr Grade separation required at intersections with more than 3k cars per hr max length of a block is 1600' a two lane highway with 9' wide shoulders is 40-42' wide Roads should meet intersections at 90 degrees (not less than 80) Avoid intersections where roads are offset.
4 Dimensions of parking lot design	1. 8' long in stall width 2. 18' long in stall length 3.. 5' wide access aisle between every two handicapped stalls. 4. 8' side access aisle between van accessible spaces.
Two basic requirements for public transportation	population density of 30 persons per acre station stops designed with max walking distance of 1/4 to 1/2 mile
how do codes impact building program and design	the design must comply with these specific limitations and the building program must fit within the design limitations
3 Main historic standards for historic preservation	Stabilize Protect Repair
FHA Fair Housing Act	protects people tenants from discrimination
Max ramp ADA slope length and minimum width	1:12 slope Ramp max run 30' & rise to be 30" Ramp minimum 36"
Min clear width for 2 wheelchairs to pass? Min clear floor space? Clear space btwn rails on a staircase?	2 wheelchairs passing = 60" Clear floor space 2-6 wide by 4-0 long min 48" clear between handrails, min
Basic philosophy of seismic codes	bldg foundations on earthquake faults not expected to withstand effects of large earthquakes. all other structures near faults are expected to resist effects of an earthquake. a building should remain intact reasonably long enough for the occupants to leave quickly and safely. some components of the structure may fail, but the structures as a whole must not collapse. (Ground shaking is the greatest damage)
Fault rupture vs. lateral spreading	Fault rupture = ground surface cracks open etween two sides of a fault line during an earthquake Lateral spreading = intense shaking during an earthquake causing the soil to break into blocks separating from each other
4 fire safety issues to consider in building design?	Occupancy Group Load Fire zones Type of Construction Floor and area height
3 basic performance requirements of a bldg	1. safe egress 2. maintain stx integrity to allow time to limit and extinguish 3. limit damage and avoid collapse
NFPA 101 (Does not address fire prevention)	LIfe safety Code: Const Type, fire protection and proposed occupancy
What are the basic steps in complying with codes	Determine occupancy group and load identify fire areas and separation rqmnts identify type of construction determine system requirements
Multiple occupancy groups are allowed in one bldg with these rqmnts	fire separation, fire rated walls, self closing doors.
Occupancy Group Classifications	Business High Hazard Mercantile Storage
Space too large to be incidental/accessory?	Then its mixed use.
Which bldgs require sprinkler systems?	Taller than 55' Deep underground structures windowless structures
What does R3 rating mean?	it can resist the passage of fire for 3 hours.
define Egress	main path from occupied bldg to a public way. (not to an exit)
How can an escalator be used for calculating the path of egress?	seal the opening additional vent and sprinklers enclose the escalator within a fire rated enclosure
Define Exit	1. A door that opens directly to the outside or to a protected stiar to the outside. enclosed fire stairs must be fire rated for one hour to up to 3 stories. 2 hrs for 4 or more stories. 3. half of the exits are allowed to discharge people into a ground floor if the lobby space is sprinkled. 4. must not pass through rooms.
Define Exit Discharge	path from door to public way. no limit unless its to a balcony.
Dead load vs. Live Load	Dead load = bldg & all attached or fixed conponents Life load = furniture, people, and other things not attached.
Who is responsible for getting project thru permits and approval?	The architect. Responsible for guiding, correcting dwgs, making dwgs ready for permit to be pulled. Permits are PULLED by owner or contractor.
4+ Unit residential bldg must have:	1. Accessible path from entrance through bldg and into unit 2. Accessible light switches, outlets, thermostats, shower controls, etc 3. Blocking in bathroom walls to allow future installation of grab bars 4. Kitchen and bathrooms can be used by a person in a wheelchair
Ventilation system rqmnts?	Minimize smoke by isolating the ventilation for each separated area top vented exhaust shuts to increase the air pressure in the tower
Panic Hardware	does not require a key, motion, or special knowledge to use. Simply push against the bar to open it.
Standpipes	Vertical pipes connected to the sprinkler system for use of the fire department. required for bldgs 3 or more stories . Wet/Dry/Combination are the 3 types.
3 types of fire alarms	1. Temperature sensor 2. Smoke Detector 3. Combustion Detector
Flame spread ratings:	5 Categories Class A through E
Handrail requirements at ramps	handrails to extend 12" min beyond the top/bottom of ramp Clear space between handrails/wall should be 1 1/2" min
ADA landing rqmnts	60x60 landings where ramps change direction public walkways min 5' wide
acceptable slopes for walkways	1:20 and 2%. Flared sides 1:10.
Min width for hallways	36" clear (32" clear at a pinch point)
Min required clg height for hallways, common areas, and habitable rooms?	7'-6"
Clear area on pull side min?	18"
Allowable height range for guardrails?	34-38"
min/max size of a handrail? How far must a handrail extend at the bottom of a stair?	1 1/4" in diameter, no more than 1 1/2" clear from wall. handrails must extend 12" plus the depth of one tread.
Are requirements for fire refuge areas prescriptive or performance based?	performance. the code outlines various options for where refuge areas can be located/accessed, etc.
Purposes of Zoning	1. protect residents from undesireable types of businesses 2. Protect access to sunlight & fresh air 3. Project open space for local residents 4. Keep incompatible bldgs away
When/where were first zoning codes?	NY, 1916
Euclidean Use Zoning Performance Zoning Form Based Zoning	Euclidean = single use. most widely used. segreation of land uses. shops/housing/industrial. Performance = performance based on projects. increase mixed use and diversity in a community. Form-based = regulates form that land may be shaped: setbacks, heights, type of density.
who reviews variance requests?	the zoning administrator, board, planning commission, or planning staff.
Flame spread rating vs. fire rating (2 completely different things)	Flame spread = measure how large/much flame a material generates and how fast that moves along the material. Fire rating = how long it takes to burn through a material or assembly
Does the code set requirements on materials used?	yes. minimum strength and quality. common materials mentioned are wood, concrete, masonry, and finish materials like aluminum gyp board, and glass.
Module 4	Module 4
5 actions an architect can take to utilize resource conservation during project design	1. reuse existing materials 2. reuse recyclable materials 3. selected locally mfrd materials 4. use rapidly renewable materials 5. use wood products that have been sustainable harvested
what factors should an architect consider when developing spatial requirements and adjacencies?	1. spacial priority 2. Furniture and special eqmnt placement 3. Analyze flow patterns, future needs of building, open space requirements
3 duties of the Architect during administration of pg ramming services?	1. confirm scope and intent 2. prepare schedule for programming services with milestones/dates 3. Submit to owner for review and approval
Site evaluation & planning are additional services. During this process the Architect should:	1. Submit schedule 2. Submit docs to owner for approval 3. Assist owner with filing docs for approval
How can Arch determine values, goals, objectives of owner and users during programming?	1. Visioning sessions 2. Meetings for finalization and confirmation for priorities, values, goals 3. Identify and evaluate constraints and opportunties
after reviewing/analysing project data during programming, what's next?	1. identify unresolved issues 2. make recommendations for solutions 3. prepare/present initial report of findings
How is programming info gathered? What info is collected?	1. reports on existing facilities, site surveys, applicable codes, historical docs, planning standards 2. walthroughs of existing facilities w/owner to prepare space inventory. identify traffic/circulation patterns using levels.
3 ways the Architect determines the specific space requirements of the project during programming	1. identify all required spaces and establish sizes and relationships. 2. establish space efficiency factors (ratio of net sf to gross sf) 3. Document space requirements of bldg systems, furniture, lighting, etc.
Additional Services during programming (costs for labor/ materials/ equipment is not preliminary cost of work)	1. Multiple Site Evals 2. Site sustainability and planning 3. Master Planning 4. Prelim Design/ Cost estimating 5. Detailed existing facility evals 6. Sched/Market analysis 7. Environmental Sust. 8. Svs supporting Owners Consultants
Architect's responsibility during site eval & planning	1. Program analysis 2. Site analysis & selection 3. Cultural Factor Analysis 4. Environmental Studies 5. Economic Studies 6. Economic Analysis
Architect is hired to develop the program. The owner must first provide:	1. project goals and values 2. Requirements for the building 3. schedule 4. budget
How do local zoning codes affect programming?	zoning codes are concerned with permitted use, min area of requirements for bldg type, height limitations, total lot coverage or FAR, setback dims, off-street parking
What issues should the arch consider during programming that would be a concern of the Building Dept?	1. fire dept access & egress 2. life safety 3. building type and occupancy separations 4. accessibility for both site & the building
Who is responsible for all decisions during programming?	the Owner. The architect mainly provides data to support design.
design is affected when the site is long, narrow, asymmetrical in shape	items include space sizes Building orientation Parking and other site requirements
Items in the site survey	1. Topo grade elevations 2. Bldg footprints/ heights 3. Street locations and adjoining property info 4. Easements & right of way access 5. Any existing utilities above and below grade
Most common methods of cost estimating during Programming:	Cost per unit Historical Data Cost per sf

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