Karteikarten
Discourse Analysis - Speech Acts
Karten in diesem Stapel (21)
- 1Definition of SPEECH ACTA SPEECH ACT is an utterance that has PERFORMATIVE function in language and communication
- 2PERFORMATIV function of speechUse speech/communication not simply to communicate but rather to act or consummate an action.
"You are (hereby) authorized to pay..."
"hereby" as a test of performative function - 3Describe LOCUTIONARY ACT.Saying something with a certain meaning in traditional sense
- 4Describe ILLOCUTIONARY ACT.The PERFORMANCE of an act in saying something (vs. the general act in saying something)
i.e. warning, command, ordering... - 5Explain PERLOCUTIONARY ACT.Speech acts that have an effect on the feelings, thoughts or actions of either the hearer or the speaker.
"they seek to change minds!" - 6Searle's classification of speech acts1. Assertives
2. Directives
3. Commissives
4. Expressives
5. Declarations - 7Searle's classification: ASSERTIVESCommit the speaker to something being the case. Different kinds are: suggesting, putting forward, swearing, concluding.
Example:
"No one makes a better cake than me." - 8Searle's classification: DIRECTIVESTry to make the addressee perform an action. Different kinds are: asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising.
Example:
"Could you close the window?" - 9Searle's classification: COMMISSIVESCommit the speaker to doing something in the future. Different kinds are: promising, planing, vowing, betting.
Example:
"I'm going to Paris tomorrow." - 10Searle's classification: EXPRESSIVESExpress how the speaker feels about the situation. Different kinds are: thanking, apologizing, welcoming.
Example:
"I am sorry, that I lied to you." - 11Searle's classification: DECLARATIONSChange the state of the world in an immediate way.
Example:
"You are fired, I swear, I beg you." - 12Explain INDIRECT SPEECH ACTSIf an indirect request is performed.
Example:
"Could you close the window?" --> Question, but with a request to close the window.
"I am cold." more indirect but needs more understanding of addressee - 13Searle's PRIMARY and SECONDARY illocutionary actsPRIMARY is the indirect one which is not literally performed.
SECONDARY is the direct one
Speaker A: "We need to leave, or we will not make it."
Speaker B: "I'm not ready yet" (PRIMARY = rejection of A; SECONDARY = "not ready to leave") - 14Searle's process analyzing steps 1/21. Understanding the facts of conversation
2. Assume cooperation and relevance from participants
3. Establish factual background information
4. Make assumptions base on 1.-3.
5. if 1.-4. have no consequential meaning, infer, that there are two illocu. forces - 15Searle's process analyzing steps 2/26. Assume the hearer has the ability to perform the act, the speaker suggest
7. make inference from 1.-6. regarding possible primary illocution
8. Use background information to establish the primary illocution - 16Definition of INDIRECT speech acts?Culpeper/Archer:
DIRECTNESS is the varying degree to which the illocutionary point is made explicit by the utterance. - 17INDIRECT DIRECTIVES classes?- Speaker-based declaratives
- Hearer-based interrogatives
- Hearer-based declaratives
- Hearer-based conditionals - 18SPEAKER-BASED declarativesDirectives formed by declarative sentences, that express speaker volition.
I wish, I desire, I want - 19HEARER-BASED interrogativesManifestations that question the volition/ability of the hearer or the fact that the hearer will perform the requested act.
Can you, could you, will you - 20HEARER-BASED declarativesFormed by declaratives expressing the need, advantage, benefit, or possibility of the hearer performing the required act.
you had better, you might consider, perhaps you - 21HEARER-BASED conditionalsIndirect directives expressed by conditionals that refer to the willingness or reluctance of the hearer performing the requested act
if you will, if you would, if you don't mind
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Grundbegriffe Speech Acts
- Erstellt von
- Michael Tewes · Sep 2016
- Aktualisiert
- 30 Sep 2016
- Aufrufe
- 123
- Tags
- Bewertung