Karteikarten
SCI 201 TEST #2
Karten in diesem Stapel (91)
- 1what is solar fluxS0 entering earth
- 2What is Albedoportion of S0 that is reflected
- 3How much is atmosphere transparent to solar radiation?~ 0.3-1.6mkm
- 4What does Atmosphere do with terresterial radiation?Absorbs some; rest passes through; 10-4- mkm (IR)
- 5Where does radiation go?directed both upwards and downwards
- 6is radiation in same range within atmosphere?yes
- 7What does Earth recievesolar radiation + additional energy - IR from radiating atmosphere; greenhouse effect
- 8what happens if there is higher Ehigher temperature will happen
- 9What is Earth made up ofOxygen (20.6%)
Nitrogen (78%)
Other gases (1.4%) - 10List the greenhouse gases which absorb and emit IRwater vapour
carbon dioxide
methane
nitrous oxide
ozone - 11What are the major atmospheric constituentsNitrogen
Argon
Oxygen
NOT GREENHOUSE GASES!!!!!! - 12What is global warming?rise in temperature of Earth's surface
- 13What is greenhouse effect?increase in concentration of greenhouse gases which causes the magnitude of greenhouse effect to go up; results in global warming
- 14What mediums does energy transfer by radiation occur?Electromagnetic waves
- 15How do electric/magnetic fields behave?- ossicilate
- interact with charged particles
- no translational absorption
- something about photons - 16In what cases does absorption occur?when the change in energy is equivalent to wavelength
- 17Which energy transitions are allowed?ALLOWED BETWEEN CORRESPONDING ENERGY LEVELS!!!
- 18what is the difference between atom and molecule spectra?atom = distinct spectral fingerprint
molecules; rotate and vibrate make e levels complicated, many transitions in IR part of spectrum - 19what is electric transition?1) UV radiatio <0.4 um
jump of electron from valence shell to higher energy shell
dissociation - 20what are vibration levels?NEAR IR 0.7-20 um
- 21What is rotational transitionIn far end of IR spectrum 20-100 um
- 22what is radiative forcinginfluence of factor which can cause climate change; measures balance of earth-atmosphere system
- 23why is "radiative" used?these factors change the balance b/w incoming solar radiation and outgoing IR within earth atmosphere
- 24units of radiative forcingWt/m^2
- 25What are the main radiative forcesGreenhouse gases and Aerosols
- 26minor radiative forcessurface albedo
solar variability
volcanic activity - 27what are the surface effectsBlack carbon on snow and ice
Land-use changes
water vapour release
energy release
carbon dioxide influence on plant physio - 28How big are atmospheric aerosols?~10nm to 10 um
- 29how are aerosols made?natural and anthropogenic processes
- 30which aerosols are injectedprimary are directly in atmosphere
secondary make gas-particle conversion - 31What is aerosol direct effectan increase in anthropogenic aerosols causes negative forcing
- 32what are clouds made up ofaerosol droplet
- 33what does increase of aerosols meanmore but smaller cloud droplets
- 34what are the indirect effects of more aerosolsmore reflective/brighter cloud
takes longer to grow to be enough to precipitate - 35How much has RF increased~ 1 degree over 150 years
- 36levels of climateSUN --> ATMOSPHERE --> LAND/VEG/OCEAN/ICE --> SUB-SURFACE
- 37where does "climate" occurAtmosphere and Land/biosphere/Ice/ocean
- 38what causes changes to internal systemchanges to.. plate tectonics, earth's orbit, sun strength, and human activities
- 39what are the effects of internal changeschanges to... atmosphere, ice, biosphere, ocean, land surface
- 40what is water vapour feedback?warmer temp causes increase temp; evaporation; more water vapour; increase in temp
- 41why can water vapor feedback be positive or negative?because it results in more cloud cover which can either have more IR absorption or more reflected solar radiation
- 42what is the ice albedo feedback?temp increase, ice melts, reduces albedo, more radiation recieved
- 43what is vegetation albedochange in temp, change in regional albedo, change in radiation
- 44why is cloud feedback complicateddepends on location; blanket or umbrella
- 45low cumulus cloudspositive, blanket
- 46high cirrus cloudsnegative, umbrella
- 47what are the steps in forcing from the sunchange in earth orbit, change in sun strength, changes in S0
- 48how does GMST change?average is 288K
noon ia 407K
night its 0K; because no S0 - 49what is eccentricityforcing factor for timing of ice ages, determines shape of orbit, change ~ 1 000 000 years
- 50Tilt22 to 24.5 degrees
important for seasons
changes every 41 000 years - 51precession, wobblegraviational pull of sun and moon on earth
- 52what is sunspot cyclewhen suns magnetic field switches directions
every 11 years - 53how do orbital cycles impact earthdon't effect heat earth gets
effect climate by redistributing energy from one place to another - 54how many glacial cycles were in vostok ice core4
- 55what is responsible for climate changes with respect to ice50% albedo
50% Carbon dioxide - 56what happens when plate tectonics changein area of higher latitudes
increase ice cover
more cooling - 57what did the decrease in sunlight cause when earth hit with meteoritephotosynthesis ceased
- 58what represents end of cretatceous period and commencement of tertiary periodK-T boundary
- 59what is KT boundary made ofthin sedimentary layer; iridium
- 60what does volcanic activity causehigh = low sunspot
low = high sunspot - 61which planets had same amount of carbon when they were formedVenus, Earth and Mars
- 62where is carbon on venus foundin atmosphere
- 63does earth or venus have more pressure from carbon dioxidevenus is 70x more pressure
- 64where is carbon found on earthmajority limestone; 0.039% atmosphere
- 65where do planets put carbonin resevoirs
- 66what is global carbon resevoir10^23
- 67Capacity of Ocean Resevoir38 000 GT; dissolved 600 GT, 1 GT living
- 68capacity of land resevoirLiving carbon 500 Gt
dead carbon in soil 1500 Gt - 69resevoir formulaCaCO3 + SiO2 --> CaSiO3 + CO2
- 70what happens b/w resevoirsinteract with each other through atmosphere causing CO2 levels to vary naturally
- 71where is carbon goinatmosphere to plants to animals to ground
atmosphere to ocean to bottom of ocean - 72what is short term carbon cyclebiosphere and atmosphere interactions; reverse photosynthesis; days to years
- 73what is intermediate carbon cycleocean/atmosphere/biosphere interactions
ocean carbon cycle, 100 to 1000 years - 74what is long term carbon cycleland/atmosphere/hydrosphere; millions of years
metamorphic decarbonation - 75ocean uptakecontrolled by solubility
high temp; low solubility
surface resevoir limited - 76how much carbon dioxide in atmosphere370 ppm
- 77how much methane1800 ppb
- 78how much nitrous dioxide320 ppb
- 79According to MGST change in temp and sea levels0.9 degress per century; and 1-2 mm year
- 80max and min CO2 levels before 1750180-300ppm
- 81max/min CH4 before 1750350-700ppb
- 82net deforestation-0.2
- 83solar irradiance+0.12
- 84increase in global [CO2]+1.66
- 85Increase in [CH4]0.48
- 86what is climate sensitivity parameter and how radiative forcing related to GMSTchange Te = wavelength x RF
wavelength is sensitivty paramater of climate - 87RF currently by human activity1.6 Wt/m^2
- 88increase in CO2278-350 ppm ~35%
- 89CH4 increase715-1775 ppb ~150%
- 90N2O CHANGE270 - 319 ppb ~18%
- 91—