What does problem solving involve?
Reasoning Judgement Decision making
Ideas Thought Knowledge
Who defined a problem as having a goal but not knowing how to reach it?
Duncker (45)
Gilhooly (99)
Luger (76)
A problem is a gap between?
Current state and goal state
Knowledge and actions
What 3 components do problems have?
Starting state Goal state Actions between
A beginning A middle An end
Protocol Analysis is?
Writing down what you think
Thinking out loud
What does protocol analysis tell us?
What the person is thinking
The p.s. strategies adopted by individuals
How well a person is at info. processing
Who hypothesised that when medical experts use contextual info in diagnosing patients biomedical knowledge is suppressed?
Duncker
Gauss
Gilhooly et al
What is the hallmark of the Gestaltists in p.s?
Insight
Outsight
Upsight
What according to the Gestaltists can lead to a solution?
Restructuring
Emphasis
Search processes
Who investigated restructuring and how did they do it?
Duncker (45) - X-ray problem
Simon & Hayes (76) - Tower of Hanoi puzzle
Luchins and Luchins (59) - Water jar problem
What causes insight not to be achieved?
Misconceptions
Misleading representations
Lack of knowledge
What causes the SET effect?
Habitual ways of tackling a problem & unwarranted assumptions about the problem
Failure to perceive the problem
What experiments investigated the SET effect?
The water jar problem (Luchins & Luchins) The 9-dot problem
The tower of Hanoi problem The hobbits and Orcs problem
Who investigated functional fixity?
Duncker (45) The candle problem
Luchins and Luchins (59) The water jar problem
Simon and Hayes (76) The tower of Hanoi puzzle
What is functional fixity?
A block in p.s caused by failing to fully perceive the object in question
Fixing a problem by finding a solution
Finding a new way to solve a problem
What is a state space diagram
A diagram of the problems state at each move junction
A diagram of the end goal and how it is achieved
What does isomorphic mean?
Problems have the same underlying structure
Problems have identical state space diagrams
Problems are represented in the same way
What is the isomorphic problem created by Simon & Hayes called and what other problem was it similar to?
The monster change & the monster move problem
The tower of Hanoi problem
The tower of London problem
The 9 dot problem
Which did people find harder to solve - the monster change or the monster move problem
Move
Change
Which rules influence problem difficulty?
Internal and external representation
Abstract representations
Within the information processing approach p.s is seen as a what?
Search process
Internal representation
Where do search processes hold goals and intermediate results?
limited capacity working memory
Long term memory
What is progressive deepening?
Searching a limited length of sequence and then back up
Gradual search of each stage