Sam Reynolds Cramer
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World War Two notes

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jenniferfish2014
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Sam Reynolds Cramer
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Day 1 - Stalin's Soviet Union

Stalin's Soviet Union

  • launched five-year plan to transform Soviet society along socialist lines
From Lenin to Stalin
  • Lenin & Bolsheviks face economic disintegration, famine, riots, rebellion
  • New Economic Policy - reestablish economic freedom & rebuild agriculture & industry
  • could sell surplus in free markets; railroads, banks, and heavy industry nationalized
  • compromise with peasants, but brought rapid recovery to industry & economy
  • power struggle after Lenin's death; Stalin won more support over Trotsky
The Five-Year Plans
  • goal: industry up 250%, agriculture 150%, frenzy to modernize
  • Stalin committed to socialism & want to catch up to capitalists
  • peasants wanted land, thought they would become capitalists
  • collectivize by creating state-controlled estates from individual peasant farms
  • better-off peasants (kulaks) stripped of land, starved or in labor camps
  • slaughter animals & burn crops in protest; not productive & no financial contribution
  • wanted to destroy Ukrainian nationalism & break peasants' will
  • purge political elite, high grain quota; great famine (Holodomor)
  • industry up 4x, many migrated to cities to become industrial workers
  • funds for factories collected by hidden sales taxes; labor discipline, no trade unions
  • foreign engineers (Americans) hired to plan factories; modeled on America's
Life and Culture in Soviet Society
  • reduced consumption, shortages, housing problems
  • received pensions, medical services & education, day-care, no unemployment
  • leave egalitarian policies, trained experts needed for industrialization, upper class
  • Bolshevik Revolution gave women equal rights - Stalin wanted traditional family
  • women work in farms & factories, became specialists; propaganda & indoctrination culture
Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges
  • Sergei Kirov killed, launch reign of terror; Old Bolsheviks confess in show trials
  • arrest & torture party officials & new members, & ordinary citizens
  • executed or sent to gulags (labor camps) to fuel industrialization
  • new Communist Party members join seeking opportunities & rewards

Day 2 - The Rising Sun: Japan Before WWII

From Liberalism to Ultranationalism in Japan

  • most of Japan Japanese; build nationalistic, modern state, resisting imperialism
  • master technology, victory against Russia and China, took German holdings
  • economy expands as profits won markets Europe couldn't supply
  • nationalists want to enlighten and protect Asia; some want peacefully
  • naval limitation with West, give Shandong to China, reducing tensions
  • democracy; men > 25 years could vote; 2 party competition, increased living standards & literacy rates
  • few natural resources, vulnerable to ups and downs of world trade, support colonial empire
  • colonies for prestige & defense; now needed for resources & economic growth
  • zaibatsu in economy, dominated sector of unorganized farmers & peasants
  • financial oligarchy, corrupt government officials, weak middle class
  • elites (emperor, government officials, businessmen, military leaders), power struggle; ultranationalism
  • ultranationalism: reject West (democracy, big business, Marxism), destroy old Japan
  • stress emperor's divinity & samurai code of honor
  • assassinate moderate leaders & armed uprisings against party politics
  • foreign expansion, Kita Ikki, believed in "noble mission"
  • Great Depression: exports & wages down, unemployment up, peasants starve
Japan Against China
  • young Japanese army officers in Manchuria from peasantry, army budget declined
  • Chinese nationalism (Guomindang unification) challenge Japanese control, use aggression
  • Japan made Manchuria an independent state, use Puyi (Qing) as puppet emperor
  • resign from League of Nation to protest disapproval of aggression, army independent
  • try to create economic bloc for industry in East Asia; news glorify empire
  • for China, distract from modernization, boycott social reform, land reform & poverty
  • unequal landownership, many own 1/6 land, starved & in debt
  • nationalists with Jiang Jieshi try to destroy Communists, who retreated in Long March
  • Mao Zedong rebuilt forces & won peasant support - (no pillage/rape, schools, health clinics, help peasants with agriculture, tried warlords & landlords
  • Japan military & ultranationalists in control, general attack
  • took Beijing & Shanghai, "Rape of Nanjing", in stalemate
  • called the Second Sino-Japanese War - conflicting nationalism

Day 3 - Hitler and Nazism in Germany

Hitler and Nazism in Germany
The Roots of Nazism

  • Nazism grew from extreme nationalism & racism, led by Adolf Hitler
  • son of Austrian customs officer, join extreme Austro-German nationalists
  • found racism, anti-Semitism & hate Slavs - Social Darwinism, racial conflict inevitable
  • Jews direct finance capitalism, Marxist socialism, against German unity/race
  • WWI gain meaning - blamed Jews & Marxists for surrender
  • joined German Workers' Party - socialism would abolish capitalism - Nazi Party
  • Weimar Republic hyperinflation, von Hindenburg became president, Hitler's unsuccessful coup
Hitler's Road to Power
  • denounce Weimar Republic, need legal power; Mein Kampf - anti-semitic, expansion, Fuhrer dictator
  • built Nazis during stability, promise salvation during Depression, gain success
  • reject free-market capitalism, advocate recovery - middle & lower classes & skilled workers
  • many desert conservative & moderate for Nazis - become largest party
  • appeal to German youth, national recovery, exciting change, & personal advancement appeal
  • Depression made republican leaders look corrupt, Communists didn't unite with Social Democrats
  • gain business & army support, thinking he would help them; von Hindenburg appoint chancellor
The Nazi State and Society
  • blamed Communists for Reichstag building fire, made president abolish liberties & new elections
  • Nazis lost election, outlaw Communists & arrest, sign Enabling Act, giving Hitler 4 years dictatorship
  • Nazis top in government, outlaw strikes & unions, independent organizations to Nazis, publishers & schools controlled by Nazis, no modern art/architecture; dynamism & total obedience
  • SS (elite personal guard) kill Nazi storm troopers, army surrender, Himmler & SS take over police
  • Jews banned from work, Nuremberg laws take citizenship, many emigrate
  • Kristallnacht - destruction of Jewish buildings, difficult for Jews to leave after
Hitler's Popularity
  • public works, rearmament, standard of living up, employment up, profits up
  • except Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and gays, more equality & opportunity
  • relaxed educational requirements, tolerate privilege and wealth
  • well-educated retain advantages (social leveling), hire women during labor shortages
  • Communists & socialists, Catholics & Protestants, & army officers oppose

Day 6 - The War in Europe and Asia

The Second World War, 1939 - 1945

  • Britain, US, & Soviet Union form Grand Alliance
Hitler's Empire in Europe, 1939 - 1945
  • Hitler's Blitzkrieg (lightning war) take Poland quickly
  • Soviet Union took east Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, & Latvia
  • Germans attack France through Belgium; Petain form Vichy, surrender
  • French support Petain, but then he collaborated with the Nazis
  • Battle of Britain - bomb with airforce before invading on land
  • broke Soviet pact - take Leningrad/Moscow, winter stopped invasion
  • racial imperialism dictate New Order: Dutch/Norway/Swede/Dane, French, Jews/Slavs
  • hoped Poles, Ukrainians & Russians would die, more room for Germans
The Holocaust
  • force Jews into ghettos, German sent to Poland - arrest, camps, murder
  • Catholics & Protestants rarely protest, most Germans sympathetic to Nazis
The Grand Alliance
  • Churchill's Europe First Policy - Hitler, then Japan, no treaties/division; best military
The War in Europe, 1942 - 1945
  • Hitler defeated at Stalingrad, pushed back; Germany enlist women & slaves
  • Allies attack through North Africa, British defeat at Battle of El Alamein
  • Italians depose Mussolini, surrender; Germans save Mussolini for puppet government
  • Germans surrender in Italy; Mussolini executed soon after
  • Eisenhower (American & British) at Normandy, France, invade Germany; Soviets met at Elbe River
The War in the Pacific, 1942 - 1945
  • America defend Port Moseby in Battle of the Coral Sea, won Battle of Midway for naval equality
  • island hopping with Australia; bombing & hand to hand combat
  • kill Japanese after Battle of Guadalcanal mercilessly
  • MacArthur at Battle of Leyte Gulf, Japanese navy down
  • Iwo Jima & Okinawa, bloodiest battles; destroyed by bombings
  • Stalin gave Japan hope of diplomacy; plan to seize territories
  • Potsdam Declaration demand surrender, unclear of emperor's safety
  • atomic bombs, Soviet invade Manchukuo, avoid both by surrendering