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Description
| Question | Answer |
| Who actually came up with the term 'survival of the fittest'? | Herbert Spencer |
| What are the problems of social Darwinism? | If survival of the fittest is applied to societies it implies some are better than others and reinforces that some people are just better than others and shouldn't help those who are 'worse'. Could also lead to eugenics. |
| What makes an individual fit? | How well they pass on their genes to the next generation |
| Issues with the term 'natural selection' and alternative phrases they can be used? | Natural selection implies a direction of selection. Darwin preferred to say 'natural preservation' but 'differential survival' can also be used. |
| What is pleiotropy? | One gene affecting many characteristics |
| Example of pleiotropy? | A particular gene in cats has 2 effects: 1. Makes cat white. (can be good of bad depending on habitat) 2. the white cats created by this gene are deaf |
| What is antagonistic pleiotropy? | Eg, in youth, testosterone levels are positive as they increase reproductive fitness but in later life lots of testosterone increases risk of prostate cancer |
| Central dogma? | Composed of Darwin and Mendel's work. States that genotype leads to phenotype. Genotype creates the next genotype which will express a phenotype. Phenotype never leads to genotype, however. |
| What kind of complexities were involved in accepting evolution? | Lack of understanding of terminology, evolution replacing religion, evolution being an increase in complexity?, all adaptations being advantageous?, is natural selection the only mechanism?, what are initial stages of evolution? |
| Further complexities with evolution being accepted? | We didn't know age of earth but discovery of it led to more acceptance, our fossil record is limited but does have some good evidence, sociobiology, didn't have a mechanism of evolution until Mendel |
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