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Flashcards by jenniferelkhoury, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jenniferelkhoury
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| To appreciate how information systems support managers, you must first understand the manager's job. All managers perform 3 basic roles, these are: | – Interpersonal roles: figurehead, leader, liaison – Informational roles: monitor, disseminator, spokesperson, analyzer – Decisional roles: entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator |
| Process and Phases of Decision Making (chart) | |
| Why do managers need IT support? list at least 2 of these reasons. | – The number of alternatives is constantly increasing, due to innovations in technology, improved communications, the development of global markets, and the use of the Internet and e-business. – Most decisions must be made under time pressure. It often is not possible to manually process information fast enough to be effective. – Due to increased uncertainty in the decision environment, decisions are becoming more complex – It often is necessary to rapidly access remote information, consult with experts, or conduct a group decision-making session, all without incurring large expenses ● These trends create major difficulties for decision makers |
| What is the Decision Matrix? | The three primary classes of problem structure and the three broad categories of the nature of decisions can be combined in a decision-support matrix. |
| What does the Decision Matrix consist of? | – Consists of nine cells, (see next card) ● Lower-level managers usually perform tasks in cells 1, 2, and 4 ● The tasks in cells 3, 5, and 7 are usually the responsibility of middle managers and professional staff ● Tasks in cells 6, 8, and 9 are generally carried out by senior executives |
| The Decision Matrix | |
| Each department or functional area within an organization has its own collection of information systems. Each of these FAI's support a particular functional area in the organisation. How? | By increasing it internal efficiency and effectiveness. |
| Examples of FAI's include: | ● accounting IS ● finance IS ● production/operations management (POM) IS ● marketing IS ● human resources IS * FAI's often convey information in a variety of reports * FAI's access data from the corporate databases |
| What are the 5 components of every IS? | |
| What does a FAI concentrate on? | ONE functional area or SINGLE department |
| They become "Islands of Automation". What does this mean? | – They work independently from each other – They are as effective as independent functions – Are inefficient working in cooperation with other processes across entire business ● Typically each FAIS will have data, procedures and people who only support ONE functional area |
| Functional Areas and Information Systems | |
| Functional Areas & Types of IS Systems | |
| What is a Transaction? | A transaction is any business event that generates data worthy of being captured and stored in a database. |
| 5 Examples of Transactions? | – a product manufactured – a service sold – a person hired – a payroll check generated – when you are checking out of a supermarket, each time the cashier swipes an item across the bar code reader is one transaction |
| What is a Transaction Process System? (TPS) | A transaction processing system (TPS) supports the monitoring, collection, storage, and processing of data from the organization’s basic business transactions – each of which generates data |
| What does a TPS do? | Collects data continuously and provides the input data for the corporate databases. |
| Why are TPS's critical to the success of any enterprise? | because they support core operations. |
| In the modern business world, TPS's are inputs. Examples are: | – functional area information systems – business intelligence systems – business operations ● customer relationship management ● knowledge management ● e-commerce |
| What do TPS's have to do efficiently? | - Handle both high volumes of data and large variations in those volumes. - They must avoid errors and downtime, record results accurately and securely and maintain privacy and security. |
| Transaction Processing Systems (Chart) | |
| Examples of TPS Complexities? name at least 2. *These and similar issues explain why organisation spend millions of dollars on expensive mainframe computers. | ● When more than one person or application program can access the database at the same time, the database has to be protected from errors resulting from overlapping updates. ● When processing a transaction involves more than one computer, the database and all users must be protected against inconsistencies arising from a failure of any component at any time. ● It must be possible to reverse a transaction in its entirety if it turns out to have been entered in error or if goods returned. ● It is frequently important to preserve an audit trail, in fact, for certain transactions an audit trail may be legally required. |
| What do TPS do? | ● Provide managers with reports or with on-line access to the organisation’s current performance and historical records. – Depend on underlying TPS for their data (the inputs). – The basic transaction data from TPS are compressed and are usually presented in long reports that are produced on a regular schedule. |
| What functions does this primarily serve? | The functions of planning, controlling and decision making at the middle management level. - Oriented almost exclusively to internal, not external events - Concentrates on operations in one functional area. |
| TPS v MIS (TPS Report) | ● Each salesperson would receive a report showing a summary of transactions with each of their clients. ● The salesperson would have some idea about how their sales are going and try to target certain customers (a form of CRM) |
| TPS v MIS (MIS report) | An MIS Report ● A manager would get a summary of sales for a region ● They examine the report and take action on some matter such as employ more staff or train staff in a certain region |
| What are Executive Support Systems for? | - Support strategic planning - Unpredictable (unstructured) decisions |
| ESS are taylor-made systems to meet needs. They are used to: | – Monitor performance – Track competitors – Spot problems – Identify opportunities – Forecast trends |
| What are Traditional Functional systems? | ● Separate systems (now called silos) ● Built over a long period of time ● Support discrete business processes and functions ● Rarely include vendors (suppliers) and customers |
| What are problems relating to Functional Processes and Systems? Name at least 3. | ● Data is duplicated because each functional application has its own database ● Business processes disjointed because supporting applications separated ● Difficult for activities to reconcile data and increases chances of errors ● Lack of integrated enterprise information ● Inefficiency ● Increased costs due to duplicated data, disjointed systems, limited information, and inefficiencies. |
| There is a growing organisational need to integrate functions and business processes to improve: | - Organisational Control - Coordination - Responsiveness |
| How is this done? | By allowing data and information to flow more freely between different parts of the organisation. |
| This is more than just linking the systems together. This changes... | The processes (or the way things are done) as well. |
| In regards to Business Process redesign, organisations should: | - Not automate or improve functional systems - Should create new business processes *This came from the idea (recall porter) That IS should support linkages across departments and activities between businesses. |
| Cross-department systems operate across departmental boundaries. This is for: | Increased functionality. |
| Process-based systems support complete business processes. This means that: | - Integrated processing systems are more efficient - Needs clear line of authority. |
| Why are Enterprise Resource Planning systems designed? | To correct a lack of communication among the functional area of IS. |
| How do ERP systems resolve this problem? | By tightly integrating the functional area IS via a common database. * For this reason, experts credit ERP systems with greatly increasing organizational productivity. |
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