74425
Description
Flashcards by sophiakostich, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by sophiakostich
over 12 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| True or false: cartilage has its own blood supply. | FALSE. Cartilage is avascular. It gets its nutrients by long range diffusion. |
| Where are chondrocytes found in the matrix of cartilage? | In lacunae. |
| What did chondrocytes develop from? | Chondroblasts. |
| What are the three types of cartilage found in the body? | 1. Hyaline (most common) 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage |
| Where can hyaline cartilage be found? | Embryonic skeleton (before ossification), articular ends of long bones, nose, trachea, costal cartilages, larynx. |
| What four things make up the matrix of hyaline cartilage? | GAGs, proteins, glycoproteins, type II collagen fibrils. |
| What type of collagen fibrils are found in hyaline cartilage? | Type II |
| What percentage of hyaline cartilage is tissue fluid (water)? How is it held in place? | 75%. It is held in place by gel of the matrix. |
| What is the function of the high water content of hyaline cartilage? | It allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse to the innermost chondrocytes. |
| How are the collagen fibres arranged in fibrocartilage? Why? | They are arranged in parallel to resist stretch. |
| Where in the body can fibrocartilage be found? | Tendon insertions, articular menisci, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs. |
| What are the main functions of fibrocartilage? | To provide tensile strength and absorb shock. |
| What is the function of elastic cartilage?Where in the body can it be found? | To withstand repeated bending and maintain its shape - it can bend but springs back into position. Supports the larynx, epiglottis and external ear. |
| What does elastic cartilage contain in addition to collagen fibres? | Elastic fibres. |
| True or false: bone is a form of connective tissue. | True. |
| What are the three main functions of bones? | To support, protect and store minerals. |
| What percentage of the matrix is made up by collagen fibres? What are the collagen fibres embedded in? | 95%. Embedded in GAGs and mineral salts. |
| In what form are the mineral salts found in the matrix of bones? | They are in a crystalline form of calcium phosphate called hydroxyapatite. |
| What are bone cells called and where can they be found? | Osteocytes. Found in lacunae. |
| What are canaliculi in bones? What is their function? | Canaliculi are canals tat connect lacunae. They permit tissue fluid to flow between lacunae and bathe the osteocytes. |
| What are osteoclasts? | Osteoclasts are multinucleate cells that destroy bone matrix and function in bone resorption. |
| What is haemopoeisis? Where in the bone does it occur? | Formation of blood cells. Occurs in the bone marrow. |
| What are the two main forms of bones? | Compact and spongy. |
| What are the three main things that bone marrow contains? | Adipocytes, stromal cells and haemopoietic cells. |
| Describe the three stage process of intramembranous bone formation. | Undifferentiated mesenchyme cells condense. Cells in the centre of the condensation form osteoblasts. Osteoblasts then produce osteoid (bone matrix). |
| What happens to the osteoblasts during ossification? | They become osteocytes. |
| What did bone begin as before it became ossified? | Hyaline cartilage. |
| What is a diaphysis? | A periosteal bone collar that occurs in the middle of the bone - first stage in endochondral ossification. |
| When does ossification begin? | At the 3rd prenatal month. |
| At what age in both males and females are all the bones normally ossified? | 23 - females 25 - males |
| When does bone deposition normally occur? What is required for it to occur? What controls it normally? | When bones are injured or need extra strength. Needs Vitamin A, C, D, calcium, magnesium and an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase. Hormones tend to control the process (significant in osteoporosis - hormone levels have changed). |
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