8560802
Description
Flashcards by Jennifer Jensen, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jennifer Jensen
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Memory | the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system |
| storage | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief of sensory information in the memory system |
| short-term memory | activated memory the holds a few items briefly: [seven plus or minus two] |
| long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Knowledge, skills, experiences |
| working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of informing auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare' |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information |
| implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few seconds |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units |
| mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practices |
| shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
| deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words, tends to yield the best retention |
| hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
| flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on fill-in-the-blank |
| recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test |
| relearning | a measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning material again |
| priming | the activation, often unconscious, of particular associations in memory |
| mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood |
| serial-position effect | our tendency to recall best the last or first items in a list (recency or primacy respectively) |
| anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. |
| deja vu | that eerie sense that 'i've experienced before' cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication |
| concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, people |
| prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. |
| creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable |
| convergent thinking | narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
| divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions |
| algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
| heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently |
| insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasons |
| representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototyes |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
| overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
| belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they formed has discredited |
| framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
| phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning |
| grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
| semantics | the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds |
| syntax | the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences |
| babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram -- go car -- using mostly nouns and verbs |
| aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage |
| Broca's Area |
controls language expression- direction muscle movements used in speech
Image:
Broca%27s Area (image/jpeg)
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| wernicke's area | controls language reception- language comprehension and expression. |
| linguistic determinism | Whorf's Hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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