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Created by Jennifer Jensen
about 8 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Memory | the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information |
encoding | the processing of information into the memory system |
storage | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. |
sensory memory | the immediate, very brief of sensory information in the memory system |
short-term memory | activated memory the holds a few items briefly: [seven plus or minus two] |
long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Knowledge, skills, experiences |
working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of informing auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare' |
effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information |
implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few seconds |
echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units |
mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practices |
shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words |
deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words, tends to yield the best retention |
hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on fill-in-the-blank |
recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test |
relearning | a measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning material again |
priming | the activation, often unconscious, of particular associations in memory |
mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood |
serial-position effect | our tendency to recall best the last or first items in a list (recency or primacy respectively) |
anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories |
retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past |
proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. |
deja vu | that eerie sense that 'i've experienced before' cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication |
concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, people |
prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. |
creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable |
convergent thinking | narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions |
algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently |
insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasons |
representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototyes |
availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they formed has discredited |
framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning |
grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
semantics | the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds |
syntax | the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences |
babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements |
telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram -- go car -- using mostly nouns and verbs |
aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage |
Broca's Area |
controls language expression- direction muscle movements used in speech
Image:
Broca%27s Area (image/jpeg)
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wernicke's area | controls language reception- language comprehension and expression. |
linguistic determinism | Whorf's Hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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