Unit 7- Cognition

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Psychology
Jennifer Jensen
Flashcards by Jennifer Jensen, updated more than 1 year ago
Jennifer Jensen
Created by Jennifer Jensen about 8 years ago
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Memory the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
encoding the processing of information into the memory system
storage the process of getting information out of memory storage
retrieval the process of getting information out of memory storage
parallel processing the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions.
sensory memory the immediate, very brief of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory activated memory the holds a few items briefly: [seven plus or minus two]
long-term memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Knowledge, skills, experiences
working memory a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of informing auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
explicit memory memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare'
effortful processing encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information
implicit memory retention independent of conscious recollection
iconic memory a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli (a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few seconds
echoic memory a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units
mnemonics memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
spacing effect the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practices
shallow processing encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words, tends to yield the best retention
hippocampus a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
flashbulb memory a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
long-term potentiation (LTP) an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
recall a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on fill-in-the-blank
recognition a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
relearning a measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning material again
priming the activation, often unconscious, of particular associations in memory
mood-congruent memory the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
serial-position effect our tendency to recall best the last or first items in a list (recency or primacy respectively)
anterograde amnesia an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia an inability to retrieve information from one's past
proactive interference the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
repression in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
misinformation effect incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
source amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.
deja vu that eerie sense that 'i've experienced before' cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
cognition all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication
concept a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, people
prototype a mental image or best example of a category.
creativity the ability to produce novel and valuable
convergent thinking narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
divergent thinking expands the number of possible problem solutions
algorithm a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristic a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently
insight a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
confirmation bias a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
mental set a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
intuition an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasons
representativeness heuristic judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototyes
availability heuristic estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
overconfidence the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
belief perseverance clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they formed has discredited
framing the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
phoneme in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
morpheme in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
grammar in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
semantics the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds
syntax the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
babbling stage beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
one-word stage the stage in speech development, from 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
two-word stage beginning about age 2, the stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
telegraphic speech early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram -- go car -- using mostly nouns and verbs
aphasia impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage
Broca's Area controls language expression- direction muscle movements used in speech
wernicke's area controls language reception- language comprehension and expression.
linguistic determinism Whorf's Hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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