Acute kidney Injury

Acute kidney Injury

1. in the case it was due to

   • accident because he was sleepy
     • stages of sleep
       • Non-REM
         • stage 1
         • stage 2
         • stage 3
       • Rem
     • injuries
       • Lateral impact
       • Rear end impact
       • Head-on collisions
         • Windshield damage
         • Steering wheel damage
       • internal injuries
         • Internal bleeding
         • Pneumothorax, hemothorax, cardiac tamponade
         • KIDNEY DAMAGE
         • Fractured ribs
   • he developed a
     • Shock
       • definition
         • a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow
       • types
         • Septic shock
         • Anaphylactic shock
         • Cardiogenic shock
         • Hypovolemic shock
         • Neurogenic shock
       • Causes
         • heart conditions
         • dehydration
         • infections
         • burns

2. it affects

   • kidneys nephrons
     • histology

3. functions of the kidney

   • Excretes harmful waste products
   • Maintains acid-base homeostasis
   • Reabsorbs essential substances
   • Regulates water and sodium metabolism
   • Maintains vascular tone
   • Produces erythropoietin
   • Maintains calcium homeostasis

4. Physiology of kidneys

5. It affects some biochemical pathways

   • Urea cycle
   • Potassium

6. it is also called

   • Acute kidney failure
     • Causes
       • Prerenal
       • Intra renal
         • ATN
         • Acute Glomerulonephritis
       • Post renal
     • Sign and symptoms
       • decreased urine output
       • Edema
       • Fatigue, confusion
       • Permanent kidney damage
         • causing
           • chronic renal failure
             • causes
               • Hypertension
               • Diabetes
               • Kidney diseases
             • manifestations
               • high blood pressure and edema
               • hyperkalemia causing muscle weakness
               • metabolic acidosis causing bone decalcification
               • osteodystrophy
               • decrease erythropoietin
               • chest pain and SOB

7. Investigations

   • CBC
   • Urine analysis
   • Urine electrolytes
   • ultrasonography

8. Management

   • Diuretics
   • Renal Replacement Therapy

9. Follow up and prognosis

   • diet with
     • With low potassium
     • Avoid food with added salt
     • Limit phosphorous
   • Depends on the cause of the disease
     • On long-term follow-up (1 to 10 years), approximately 12.5% of survivors of acute renal failure require dialysis and 19% to 31% of them have chronic kidney disease
     • Partial recovery of renal function may occur in situations in which the injury does not completely resolve.

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