It is a love which prefers those like me
over those unlike me
Storge
Family love
Natural affection
Agape
Pope Francais
“Form the cross, Christ
teaches us to love even
those who do not love us”
Unconditional, sacrificial love
The Good Samaritan
Fredrich Niezche
“Christianity gave Eros poison to
drink; he did not die of it, certainly,
but degenerated by vice”
Psycological Egoism
Thomas Hobbes
Norman Geisler
“Erotic love is egoistic. It says ‘My first and last consideration is myself.’
Philic love is mutualistic. It says ‘I will give as long as I receive’. Agapic
love, on the other hand, is altruistic, saying ‘I will give, requiring nothing
in return”.
"A human being, however much he or she
may wish to seek to do otherwise, cannot do
other than serve their own best interests"
"A human being is being psychologically
incapable of doing anything that does not
promote his or her own interest"
Homosexuality
Fletcher
“Jesus said nothing against birth control, childlessness,
homosexuality, masturbation, fornication, pre-martial intercourse,
sterilization, artificial insemination, abortion, sex play, petting or
courtship. Whether any form of sex, hetro, homo, or auto is good or
evil, depends on whether love is fully served”
- “Love is the only intrinsic good” –
The 6 Fundamental Principles
Alfred Kinsey
“The only unnatural sex act is that which you can’t preform”
- Led a report in the 1940s regarding peoples sex lives
Other
“Obviously the penis belongs to the
vagina: that is something fundamental
to the way God has made us”
God created Adam and Eve
not Adam and Steve”
Dormer
“The injunction to ‘love you neighbour as yourself’
leads them to accept and even celebrate their gay
friends in faithful, permanent and stable
relationships”
St Paul
Describes homosexuality as “unnatural intercourse”
Aquinas
Procreation! Primary precept
“The act of sex is wrong when the act of
it’s nature is incompatible with the
purpose of the sex act [procreation]”
Christian Views
Genesis
“It is not good for man to be alone. I will
make a helper suitable for him” - Sex isn't
specified
Sodom and Gomorrah:
Homosexual tendencies lead to the
destruction of the two cities
Concept of power play – older men in Ancient Greek times
would have sex with pre pubescent boys to assert their
dominance. In prisons today men still rape each other.
"Molly's" were examples of gay prostitutes
"A man leaves his father and mother and is
united to his wife, and they become one flesh"
Leviticus
“If a man lies with a man as he does
with a woman, he commits an
abomination and shall be put to death”
"Man shall not have sexual relations
with another man; God hates that"
Corinthians
"Homosexuals... will [not] inherit the
kingdom of God"
Monsignor Krzystof Charamsa was a
Catholic priest who came out gay
Romans
"God has given those people over to do filthy things their hearts desire,
and they do shameful things with each other, and as they do they bring it
upon themselves the punishment they deserve for their wrongdoing"
Timothy
"Law is not made for a righteous person, but for those
who are lawless and rebellious, for the ungodly and
sinners... immoral men and homosexuals"
Catholic priest scandal in Ireland - pedophiles
Nothing in the Bible said about homosexuals
St Paul uses the word "arsenokoitai", which may have even
been coined by Paul himself, which essentially means "male
prostitute"
Catechism
Don't approve of homosexual acts, and believe they should be repressed.
However, they should still be treated with compassion, respect and sensitivity
"Homosexual persons are called to chasity"
Desmond TuTu
"To treat some people as less worthy on
account of their... gender or sexual
orientation brings grief to God"
Views on Sex
Augustine
“Surely such a man would prefer, if possible, to beget
children without lust of this kind” - - “The babbling impulses of
puberty befogged love’s serenity and lust’s darkness”
Aquinas
Primary Precepts: Procreation: No masturbation, contraception,
homosexuality or casual sex (e.g. adultery and fornication) Contribute to society: “Honour your
parents”, “Do not commit adultery”
Kant
Concept of only humans having reason - “Sex exposes mankind to the danger of equality with
the beasts… a person who sexually desires another person objectifies the other person, both
before and during sexual activity and makes the loved person an object of appetite”
Peter Singer
The moral case for acceptance of sexual relationships
between consenting adults that do not harm others is ...
clear-cut’
Jeremy Bentham
“The greatest amount of pleasure for the greatest number” – promotes rape
- “Pleasure is good and pain is bad” -Can be linked to contracterian sex
John Stuart Mill
“It is better to be a human
dissatisfied than a pig satisfied,
better to be Socrates dissatisfied
than a fool satisfied” - Higher
and low pleasures – sex is a low
pleasure as it is physical
Song of Songs emphasises the
joys and pleasure of sex
Sex seen as sinful,
originated from the fall of
man
Acts suggested in the Bible
Incest
Lot and his daughters
Son of David and his half sister
Rape
Lot and his guests, and his daughters
Adultery
David and Bathsheba
Tamara and Juda (father in law, as well as brother in law)
Infertility
Sarah and Hagar
Gender Views
Feminism
MacKinnon
Argues against ‘natural law’ and ‘autonomous
choice’. Believe that society Is so unequal that
they only think they have choice – are sexual
tools for men, and that we are
socialised/conditioned to meet male sexual
wants – male dominance and female
submission
Jill Johmston
Endorses sex among women only as a way
of making a political statement and
transcending male oppression. Lesbian
Sepratists believe they should just have sex
with each other
Less radical feminists/non-feminists argue that radical
feminism portrays men as incapable of nature of anything
other than oppression and exploitation
Feministic ideals
- Total separation from men and women
- A biological revolution – artificial
reproduction - No child rearing / birth
- Pay women in domestic spheres the
same amount as men in a public sphere
Christian Views
St Paul
“The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband
does; and likewise also the husband does not have authority over his own
body, but the wife does"
Augustine
“In a physical sense, woman has
been made for man”
Genesis
“Your duty is to your husband and he shall rule over you”
Adam and Eve, created
alike, punished equally
“So God created man in his image… man and
woman he created them” - Equal
“It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for
him” - unequal? Helper? Made from Adams rib
"He formed a woman out of the rib" - man is closer to God
Leviticus
“If a man commits adultery with his wife of his neighbour, both
the adulterer and the adulteress shall be put to death”
Corinthians
"It is a disgraceful thing for a woman to speak
in Church"
Luke
"The twelve disciples went with him and so did some women
who had been healed of evil spirits and diseases
Equal - both disciples / Women weren't actual disciples
though / Jesus must have seen them as equals as he made
them good
Timothy
"Adam was formed first... It was a
woman who was decieved and
became a sinner"
Ephesians
"The husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of
the Church"
Galalations
There is neither... male nor female,
for you are all one in Christ Jesus
John
"Jesus' disciples returned, and they were generally surprised to
find him talking with a woman"- didn't question it though
Desmond Tutu
"To treat some people as less worthy on account of their...
gender or sexual orientation brings grief to God"
Change of views
Women can work, men can stay at home
C of E allows female ordination since 1994
July 2014 CofE General Synod passed a vote
on female bishops
Marriage
RCC - wife looks after family, unequal
CofE - Equal in marriage, 'imago dei'
Same sex - equal
Contractarian Sex
Link with Libertarianism
More equal? Both consenting
Social Milieu
The Sitz im Leben
Marriage
Changes in trends
Dominion (modern)
Believed that pre-martital sex is strong
and continuous as according to him sex is
not dangerous, but rather it is powerful
Less people have sex after marriage
Medicine: Treat
people for STDs, infant
mortality, death at
pregnancy
2014 Gay
marriage is legal
More classes of adultery
Lower religious population, not seen as 'sinful'
Less people getting married
Sex before marriage is
now acceptable
Contraception, have a huge population
Dormer
Believes cohabitation leads to marriage
Children no longer seen as illegitimate
50% of children born out of wedlock
Just a piece of paper
Roles in marriage
have changed
Women can work,
men can stay at home
Higher divorce rates, 40%
People live longer - bored of same person
No longer seen as sinful, less religious people
Purpose
Procreation
Love
Fletcher
“Love is the only intrinsic
good” – The 6 Fundamental
Principles
“Jesus said nothing against birth control, childlessness,
homosexuality, masturbation, fornication, pre-martial
intercourse, sterilization, artificial insemination, abortion,
sex play, petting or courtship. Whether any form of sex,
hetro, homo, or auto is good or evil, depends on whether
love is fully served”
Arranged
Sacred
Sexual Intimacy
"One flesh"
Different ceremonies
Roman Catholic Church
Priests and Pope
can't marry in
Catholicism
Abstain from sex
until marriage
St Paul
“If you marry
you do not sin”
Never married, but instead stayed
celibate. Believed celibacy was a special
gift, and it was better to marry to avoid
the sin of pre-martial sex
Procreation
Genesis
Genesis: “Be fruitful and
multiply”
“Flesh of flesh”
“Come let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie
with him, that we may preserve offspring from our
father”
Unequal roles
Genesis: “Your duty is to your husband
and he shall rule over you”
Marriage is a sacrament
Same Sex
Leviticus
“If a man lies with a man as he does with a woman, he
commits an abomination and shall be put to death”
Equal
Affirmation of love
before God
Love, companionship
Genesis “It is not good for man to
be alone. I will make a helper
suitable for him”
Church of England
Jesus never got
married, but had a
positive view on
marriage
Luther
"Priesthood of all believers" - argued we were all
equal therefore priests should marry. Luther
then left his monetary to marry. Erasmus also
praised marriage
Liberal - can divorce, have sex before
Song of Songs
Main premises: Joys
of sex, male and
female marriage
“My beloved thrust his hand into the
opening and my inmost being yearned for
him. I rose to open to my beloved.”
"You are stately as a palm
tree and your breasts like its
clusters, I say I will climb the
palm tree and lay hold of its
braches”
“And his fruit was sweet to my taste”
“Your navel is like a round goblet
which never lacks mixed wine”
"The polyphony of love finds
expression in the lovers bodily
union, therefore love and
companionship is the most vital"
Love, companionship
"She is worth far more than jewels, her
husband puts his confidence in her and she will
never be poor"
Genesis “It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a
helper suitable for him”
Equal
Leviticus: “If a man commits
adultery with his wife of his
neighbour, both the adulterer
and the adulteress shall be
put to death”