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B4 Biology - Ecology in the local environment
- Collecting organisms
- Nets
- Useful for collecting flying insects
- Useful for collecting flying insects
- Pooters
- Small jar that collects insects
- 2 tubes
- 1 in your mouth
- You can apply suction
- You can apply suction
- 1 over the insect
- Sucked into jar
- Sucked into jar
- 1 in your mouth
- 2 tubes
- Small jar that collects insects
- Pitfall traps
- Used to sample small
invertebrates
- A container buried in the ground with it's
top at ground level
- Covered with wood with a slight gap so
insects can climb in
- Covered with wood with a slight gap so
insects can climb in
- A container buried in the ground with it's
top at ground level
- Used to sample small
invertebrates
- Quadrats
- Square made of wire
- Square made of wire
- Nets
- Counting population
sizes
- Sample area -
Quadrats
- When using a
quadrat...
- It should be placed
randomly
- So that a representative
sample is taken
- So that a representative
sample is taken
- The validity and reproducibility
of the results increases
- as the results from
more quadrats are
analysed
- as the results from
more quadrats are
analysed
- It should be placed
randomly
- When using a
quadrat...
- Capture-recapture
- Some animals
are trapped
- They are then marked
in a harmless way then
released
- Traps are then used again
- The number of marked
and unmarked animals
are recorded
- Population size then estimated
using...
- (Number in 1st sample x number
in 2nd sample) / number in 2nd
sample previously marked
- (Number in 1st sample x number
in 2nd sample) / number in 2nd
sample previously marked
- Population size then estimated
using...
- The number of marked
and unmarked animals
are recorded
- Traps are then used again
- They are then marked
in a harmless way then
released
- Higher tier
- When using capture-recapture,
you must make assumptions
including...
- There is no death,
immigration or
emigration
- The sampling methods
used are identical
- The marking has not
affected the survival rate
of the animal
- There is no death,
immigration or
emigration
- When using capture-recapture,
you must make assumptions
including...
- Some animals
are trapped
- Sample area -
Quadrats
- Using keys
- Used to
identify a
species
- Can be
branching or a
series of paired
statements
with yes/no
answers
- Based on physical
characteristics
- Example
- Statement Answer
- 1.Does the animal have 4 legs? Yes - go to statement 2
- No - go to statement 4
- 2. Does the animal have a curly tail? Yes - pig
- No - go to statement 3
- 3. Does the animal have a hoof divided into 2 parts? Yes - Cow
- No - horse
- 4. Does the animal have webbed feet? Yes - Duck
- No - Human
- Statement Answer
- Example
- Used to
identify a
species
- Ecosystems
- Environment
- All the conditions that
surround a living
organism
- All the conditions that
surround a living
organism
- Habitat
- The place where an
organism lives
- The place where an
organism lives
- Population
- All the members of a
single species that live
in a habitat
- All the members of a
single species that live
in a habitat
- Community
- All the populations of
different organisms
that live together in a
habitat
- All the populations of
different organisms
that live together in a
habitat
- Ecosystem
- A community and
the habitat in which
it lives
- Some ecosystems are
natural, others are
artificial
- Example
- Natural Artificial
- Native
woodland
- Lake
- Forestry
plantation
- Fish farm
- Natural Artificial
- Example
- Some ecosystems are
natural, others are
artificial
- A community and
the habitat in which
it lives
- Biodiversity
- Is the variety of different
species living in a habitat
- The greater the number of
species in a habitat, the greater
its biodiversity
- Natural ecosystems are
likely to have a larger
biodiversity than artificial
ones
- Example - a lake may
contain many species of
fish but a fish farm may
only have 1 species
- Example - a lake may
contain many species of
fish but a fish farm may
only have 1 species
- The greater the number of
species in a habitat, the greater
its biodiversity
- Is the variety of different
species living in a habitat
- Environment
- Transects and kite diagrams
- Transects
- A transect is a line across a
habitat or part of a habitat
- Can be as simple as a string or
rope placed in a line on the ground
- The number of organisms of each
species can be observed and
recorded at regular intervals along
the transect
- The number of organisms of each
species can be observed and
recorded at regular intervals along
the transect
- Can be as simple as a string or
rope placed in a line on the ground
- A transect is a line across a
habitat or part of a habitat
- Kite diagrams
- A kite diagram is a chart
that shows the number of
animals (or % cover for
plants) against distance
along a transect
- The distribution of
organisms in a habitat is
affected by...
- The presence of other
living organisms like
herbivores or predators
that might eat them
- Abiotic factors (physical
factors) such as
availability or light or
water
- The presence of other
living organisms like
herbivores or predators
that might eat them
- A kite diagram is a chart
that shows the number of
animals (or % cover for
plants) against distance
along a transect
- Zonation (Higher tier)
- A gradual change in the
distribution of species
across a habitat
- It can happen because
of a gradual change in
an abiotic factor
- It can happen because
of a gradual change in
an abiotic factor
- A gradual change in the
distribution of species
across a habitat
- Transects
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