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Problem Solving
Algorithms
Heuristic
a problem with clear specifications of the state star, goal state, and the processes for reaching the goal state.
a problem lacking clear specification of either the state state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state.
thinking
The inability to "think outside the box" and create a new interpretation of a problem is called
What are some obstacles to problem solving?
functional fixedness
Give and example of functional fixedness [HINT: our ability to solve problems that require using an object in a novel way]
give a personal example of fixation
The tendency to use previously successful problem solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem
(provide a personal example)
insight
What are the two general steps to solving a problem
A heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or for (often insufficiently)
working backward heuristic
Means-end analysis heuristic
A heuristic for judging the probability of a membership in a category by how well an object resembles that category (the more representative, the more probable.)
Give an example once you answered what the term is.
Incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probable than either of the two events
incorrectly believing that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur
Why are we so prone to using the representativeness heuristic and making judgements based only on categorical resemblence?
The initial judgement of the person based on little information we may have symbolizes the....
A heuristic for judging the probability of an event by how available examples of the event are in memory (the more available, the more probable).
confirmation bias
what will cognitive bias potentially lead to?
illusory correlation
belief perseverance
person-who reasoning
(Mental age/ chronological age) x100
standardization
100 + or - (15 x the number of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for their standardization group)
????? = the extent to which the scores for a test are consistent
the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure or predict what it is supposed to predict
IQ scores are among the most valid predictors of _______ performance and ___ performance across just about every major occupation studied
(Gardner's Eight Intelligences)
Linguistic
(Gardner's Eight Intelligences)
Mathematical problem solving and scientific analysis
(Gardner's Eight Intelligences)
reasoning about visual spatial relationships
(Gardner's Eight Intelligences)
Musical
(Gardner's Eight Intelligences)
Bodily-Kinesthetic
(Gardner's Eight Intelligences)
Understanding oneself
(Gardner's Eight Intelligences)
Understanding other people
(Gardner's Eight Intelligences)
Ability to discern patterns in nature
Charles Spearman (1927)
Intelligence is mainly a function of a ___ intelligence (g) factor and some (s) factors (specific intellectual abilities such as ____).
L.L. Thurstone
Intelligence is a function of ___ primary mental abilities- verbal ____, number facility, ____ relations, perceptual seed, word fluency, _____ memory, and reasoning.
Raymond Cattell and John Horn (1987)
There are two types of intelligences- _____ intelligence, which refers to accumulated ___ and verbal and numerical skills, and ___ intelligence, which refers to abilities independent of acquired knowledge such as a____ __eas__, logical problem solving and ___ of information processing
Howard Gardner (1983-1999)
intelligence is defined as 8 ____ ______- linguistic, logical math, spatial, musical, interpersonal, interpersonal and naturalist
Robert Sternberg (1985, 1988, 1999)
Intelligence is dined as three types of abilities- _na_l___al , creative, and p__ct__al
Keith Stanovich (2009)
intelligence is ___ sufficient for ____ thinking ;rationality, which is independent of intelligence is also necessary
Researchers argue on the origins of intelligence..
the results of genetic similarity studies of intelligence can also be used to estimate its ______, an index of the degree that variation of a trait within a given population is due to this.
the assumption is that heredity determines a ______ ______, genetically determined limits for an individual intelligence.
Flynn effect
