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The dynamic constansy of the internal environment of the human body.
________ tissue detects/measures actual value of a ________ and compares it to setpoint.
Monitoring tissue that is sensative to changes.
Normal _________ or level for body to be in homeostasis
A changes from the normal setpoint is a ______.
_________ generate a response to the change caused by stimulus.
The direction of the response is opposite to the direction of the stimulus
Response is in the same direction of the stimulus.
Typically shortlived and must be terminated after completing their task.
Low blood pressure results in release of _________ by _____________ cells of the kidney nephrons.
Renin (protein enzyme) cleaves ___________ (made by the liver)
into ___________ (10 amino acids)
Angiotensin I is cleaved into the 8 amino acid containing ___________ by ______________ in the blood vessels of the lungs.
_____________ stimulates thirst and drinking (increasing blood volume and therfore blood pressure), causes vasoconstriction (increasing resistance and therfore increasing blood pressure), and stimulates the adrenal glands to release __________.
____________ travels to kidneys through the bloodstream and stimulates the nephron to actively secrete _________ into the urine but to reabsorb sodium and water into the bloodstream, increasing blood volume and therefore blood pressure.
Absorption of glucose (hyperglycemia) results in the release of _____________.
___________ in the duodenum release GIP into the blood stream.
GIP goes through the blood stream to the __________ and along with high levels of glucose in the bloodstream stimulates the ________ to release ___________.
Insulin attaches to receptors on _____, ______ and _________ cells.
Cells are stimulated to place ___________ into their membranes which permit glucose to be absorbed by diffuision (reducing blood sugar lever
down to setpoint)
Glucose is converted into __________ in liver and muscles cells and ________ in adipose cells.
When blood sugar levels are reduced below setpoint (hypoglycemia) ______ cells of the islets of Langerhans release _______.
Glucagon stimulates ___________.
Glucagon also stimulates the breakdown of _____ into ______ which is released into the blood stream and which elevates blood sugar up to setpoint.
GLUT proteins: __________ used by most cells of body, including brain, erythrocytes, endothelial and fetal tissues.
__________ used by liver cells, pancreatic beta cells, small intestines and kidneys; function when blood glucose levels high
___________ neurons, placenta and testes
_______ used by skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissues; insulin-responsive glucose transporters; insulin stimulates _________ containing vessicles to move to membrane and allow cells to absorb glucose.
When a blood vessel is severed, blood leaks into connective tissue and _______ encounters collagen and stimulates platelets to stick to collagen; platelets release ______ and ________.
_________ stimulates vascular spasms (constriction of vessels) to reduce blood pressure in damaged area.
_________ stimulates sticking of platelets to other platelets, which release more ___________ in a positive feedback mechanism.
Production of thromboxane A2 involves action of _____________ and other enzymes in a process where __________ is converted to thromboxane A2.
______ functions to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase and thus 81 mg. per day may reduce platelets from sticking (blood thinner)
When a fetus enters the _____ of the _______, stretch receptors send inpulses to the ____________.
Hypothalamus releases ______ (a hormone) by way of the ___________________ into the bloodstream.
___________ goes to the uterine muscles and stimulates further contraction, pushing the fetus further into the cervix, causing additional stretching.
(process repeats until birth occurs)
Nursing baby stimulates nipples, sending nerve impulses to the hypothalamus, which releases oxytocin again from the ____________; oxytocin stimulates ejection of milk into the nipple so it is available to the nursing infant. (Oxytocin does not cause milk production)
_______________ released when kidneys sense hypoxia (lack of oxygen) presumably due to a lack of sufficient _________ cells in bloodstream.
_______ stimulates ___________ ( production of red blood corpuscles from myeloid stem cells) within the bone marrow in order to bring blood cell count up to normal in this negative feed back system.
