1173468
Description
Flashcards by geoerguera, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by geoerguera
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The dynamic constansy of the internal environment of the human body. | Homeostasis |
| ________ tissue detects/measures actual value of a ________ and compares it to setpoint. | Monitoring tissue; parameter |
| Monitoring tissue that is sensative to changes. | Parameter |
| Normal _________ or level for body to be in homeostasis | setpoint |
| A changes from the normal setpoint is a ______. | Stimulus |
| _________ generate a response to the change caused by stimulus. | Effector |
| The direction of the response is opposite to the direction of the stimulus | Negative feedback loop |
| Response is in the same direction of the stimulus. Typically shortlived and must be terminated after completing their task. | Positive feedback loop |
| Low blood pressure results in release of _________ by _____________ cells of the kidney nephrons. | renin by juxtaglomerular cells |
| Renin (protein enzyme) cleaves ___________ (made by the liver) into ___________ (10 amino acids) | angiotensinogen (made by the liver) into angiotensin I (10 amino acids) |
| Angiotensin I is cleaved into the 8 amino acid containing ___________ by ______________ in the blood vessels of the lungs. | angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) |
| _____________ stimulates thirst and drinking (increasing blood volume and therfore blood pressure), causes vasoconstriction (increasing resistance and therfore increasing blood pressure), and stimulates the adrenal glands to release __________. | Angiotensin II stimulates thirst and drinking... the adrenal glands to release aldosterone. |
| ____________ travels to kidneys through the bloodstream and stimulates the nephron to actively secrete _________ into the urine but to reabsorb sodium and water into the bloodstream, increasing blood volume and therefore blood pressure. | Aldosterone travels to kidneys .... actively secrete potassium ions (K+) into the urine |
| Absorption of glucose (hyperglycemia) results in the release of _____________. | Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) |
| ___________ in the duodenum release GIP into the blood stream. | Enteroendocrine cells |
| GIP goes through the blood stream to the __________ and along with high levels of glucose in the bloodstream stimulates the ________ to release ___________. | islets of Langerhans of the pancreas; beta-cells to release insulin. |
| Insulin attaches to receptors on _____, ______ and _________ cells. | hepatocytes, myocytes, and adipose cells. |
| Cells are stimulated to place ___________ into their membranes which permit glucose to be absorbed by diffuision (reducing blood sugar lever down to setpoint) | GLUT proteins |
| Glucose is converted into __________ in liver and muscles cells and ________ in adipose cells. | glycogen; fat (triglycerides) |
| When blood sugar levels are reduced below setpoint (hypoglycemia) ______ cells of the islets of Langerhans release _______. | Alpha cells release glucagon. |
| Glucagon stimulates ___________. | gluconeogenesis: the prodcution of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules, including lactic acid and amino acids, primarily in the liver. |
| Glucagon also stimulates the breakdown of _____ into ______ which is released into the blood stream and which elevates blood sugar up to setpoint. | Glycogen into glucose |
| GLUT proteins: __________ used by most cells of body, including brain, erythrocytes, endothelial and fetal tissues. | GLUT 1 |
| __________ used by liver cells, pancreatic beta cells, small intestines and kidneys; function when blood glucose levels high | GLUT 2 |
| ___________ neurons, placenta and testes | GLUT 3 |
| _______ used by skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissues; insulin-responsive glucose transporters; insulin stimulates _________ containing vessicles to move to membrane and allow cells to absorb glucose. | GLUT 4 |
| When a blood vessel is severed, blood leaks into connective tissue and _______ encounters collagen and stimulates platelets to stick to collagen; platelets release ______ and ________. | vonWillebrand's Factor; platelets release serotonin and thromboxane A2. |
| _________ stimulates vascular spasms (constriction of vessels) to reduce blood pressure in damaged area. | Serotonin |
| _________ stimulates sticking of platelets to other platelets, which release more ___________ in a positive feedback mechanism. | Thromboxane A2 |
| Production of thromboxane A2 involves action of _____________ and other enzymes in a process where __________ is converted to thromboxane A2. | cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (COX); arachadonic acid (a fatty acid) |
| ______ functions to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase and thus 81 mg. per day may reduce platelets from sticking (blood thinner) | Aspirin |
| When a fetus enters the _____ of the _______, stretch receptors send inpulses to the ____________. | Cervix of the uterus; hypothalamus. |
| Hypothalamus releases ______ (a hormone) by way of the ___________________ into the bloodstream. | Oxytocin by way of the posterior pituitary gland |
| ___________ goes to the uterine muscles and stimulates further contraction, pushing the fetus further into the cervix, causing additional stretching. (process repeats until birth occurs) | Oxytocin |
| Nursing baby stimulates nipples, sending nerve impulses to the hypothalamus, which releases oxytocin again from the ____________; oxytocin stimulates ejection of milk into the nipple so it is available to the nursing infant. (Oxytocin does not cause milk production) | posterior pituitary gland |
| _______________ released when kidneys sense hypoxia (lack of oxygen) presumably due to a lack of sufficient _________ cells in bloodstream. | Erythropoietin; red blood cells |
| _______ stimulates ___________ ( production of red blood corpuscles from myeloid stem cells) within the bone marrow in order to bring blood cell count up to normal in this negative feed back system. | Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis |
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