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CHAPTER 8 NEW

CHAPTER 8 NEW

Question 1 of 95

1

Two or more people who interact with and influence one another for longer than a few moments is what social psychologists call a

Select one of the following:

  • clan

  • crowd

  • group

  • mob

Explanation

Question 2 of 95

1

According to social psychologists, a group exists when two or more people interact with and influence each other, and

Select one of the following:

  • are also in the same place

  • also work together

  • also perceive themselves as "us".

  • also facilitate each other

Explanation

Question 3 of 95

1

Under the definition that is in the text, which of the following is NOT a group?

Select one of the following:

  • a doctor with her patient

  • three people who share the same taxi and decide who gets dropped off first

  • four people working together on a class project

  • five people riding the city bus

Explanation

Question 4 of 95

1

Which one of the following is NOT an example of collective influence?

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • social loafing

  • deindividuation

  • conformity

Explanation

Question 5 of 95

1

Which one of the following is NOT an example of social influence in interacting groups?

Select one of the following:

  • group polarization

  • groupthink

  • minority influence

  • deindividuation

Explanation

Question 6 of 95

1

Shaw (1981) argued that the one thing that all groups have in common is that the members

Select one of the following:

  • reside in the same location

  • agree on most topics

  • interact

  • facilitate each other

Explanation

Question 7 of 95

1

On exam day, a student you do not know sits near you. This person is best described as a(n)

Select one of the following:

  • confederate

  • co-actor

  • ingroup member

  • comrade

Explanation

Question 8 of 95

1

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a _______ relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children

Select one of the following:

  • positive

  • negative

  • neutral

  • curvilinear

Explanation

Question 9 of 95

1

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it

Select one of the following:

  • the groupthink effect

  • the social facilitation effect

  • social loafing

  • deindividuation

Explanation

Question 10 of 95

1

The tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of

Select one of the following:

  • the groupthink effect

  • the social facilitation effect

  • social loafing

  • deindividuation

Explanation

Question 11 of 95

1

_______ refers to the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others

Select one of the following:

  • The groupthink effect

  • The social facilitation effect

  • Social loafing

  • Deindividuation

Explanation

Question 12 of 95

1

Consistent with the social facilitation effect, Michaels and his colleagues (1982) found that when good pool players were observed, they did _______ than when they did not know they were being observed

Select one of the following:

  • much worse

  • better

  • the same

  • slightly worse

Explanation

Question 13 of 95

1

Increased arousal enhances performance

Select one of the following:

  • only on easy task

  • only on easy tasks

  • on dominant responses

  • on all responses

Explanation

Question 14 of 95

1

According to the social facilitation effect, social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform _______ with a large audience

Select one of the following:

  • much worse

  • best

  • slightly worse

  • better at unlearned tasks

Explanation

Question 15 of 95

1

The larger the crowd, the _______ a person tends to be _______

Select one of the following:

  • more; calm

  • less; calm

  • more; aroused

  • less; aroused

Explanation

Question 16 of 95

1

Because of the relationship between crowding and arousal, you are likely to _______ on a difficult exam in a densely packed classroom

Select one of the following:

  • do well

  • do poorly

  • do average

  • skip questions

Explanation

Question 17 of 95

1

The concern for how others are evaluating us is called

Select one of the following:

  • distraction

  • arousal

  • mere presence

  • evaluation apprehension

Explanation

Question 18 of 95

1

You have noticed that when you are at the gym, your exercise routine is not affected by how may other people are there. However, it is affected when other people are watching you exercise. This pattern in your behavior is what social psychologists call

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • mere presence

  • evaluation apprehension

  • social loafing

Explanation

Question 19 of 95

1

Sanders, Baron and Moor (1978) explained social facilitation by noting that a conflict occurs between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task at hand. They named this explanation

Select one of the following:

  • evaluation apprehension

  • social distortion

  • driven by distraction

  • deindividuation

Explanation

Question 20 of 95

1

The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has

Select one of the following:

  • helped confirm the theory

  • guided new exploration of research topics

  • suggested practical applications

  • been misused by industries

Explanation

Question 21 of 95

1

Ingham (1974) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants, they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone

Select one of the following:

  • pulled more

  • pulled less

  • pulled the same amount

  • varied more in their pulling amount

Explanation

Question 22 of 95

1

_______ refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

Select one of the following:

  • Social facilitation

  • Social loafing

  • Deindividuation

  • Mere presence

Explanation

Question 23 of 95

1

Evaluation apprehension helps explain why people perform best when

Select one of the following:

  • their co-actor is slightly superior

  • their co-actor is dissimilar

  • their co-actor is slightly inferior

  • there is no co-actor present

Explanation

Question 24 of 95

1

Sam has a tendency contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • social loafing

  • deindividuation

  • mere presence

Explanation

Question 25 of 95

1

In a study by Latané and his colleagues (1979), participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible. Participants produced the most noise when they

Select one of the following:

  • thought they were shouting alone

  • thought there was one other person shouting with them

  • thought there were five other people shouting with them

  • were not feeling any evaluation apprehension

Explanation

Question 26 of 95

1

Sam has a tendency contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. Social psychologists would call Sam a

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitator

  • free loafer

  • free rider

  • free loader

Explanation

Question 27 of 95

1

When the output of collective farms and private plots were compared

Select one of the following:

  • the collective farms were more productive

  • the private plots were more productive

  • there was little difference between the two

  • the output depended on the relationships within the group

Explanation

Question 28 of 95

1

When being observed increases evaluation concerns, _______ occurs; when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, _______ occurs

Select one of the following:

  • deindividuation; groupthink

  • groupthink; deindividuation

  • social loafing; social facilitation

  • social facilitation; social loafing

Explanation

Question 29 of 95

1

At your factory job, output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced. Because of this evaluation procedure, your behavior was characterized by _______; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer, your behavior is now characterized by _______

Select one of the following:

  • deindividuation; groupthink

  • groupthink; deindividuation

  • social loafing; social facilitation

  • social facilitation; social loafing

Explanation

Question 30 of 95

1

When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is _______ and the probability of social loafing is _______

Select one of the following:

  • high; low

  • low; high

  • high; high

  • low; low

Explanation

Question 31 of 95

1

Your psychology professor has assigned group projects to your class. She has chosen to individually grade each student's contribution to the assignment as an attempt to reduce

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • social loafing

  • minority influence

  • group polarization

Explanation

Question 32 of 95

1

People in groups will loaf less when the

Select one of the following:

  • task is challenging, important, or involving

  • task is difficult

  • group members do not know each other

  • task is not rewarded

Explanation

Question 33 of 95

1

According to your text, people in _______ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in _______ cultures

Select one of the following:

  • independent; dependent

  • dependent; independent

  • collectivistic; individualistic

  • individualistic; collectivistic

Explanation

Question 34 of 95

1

People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if

Select one of the following:

  • their efforts are not rewarded

  • rewards are divided according to individual effort

  • rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort

  • they are individually monitored

Explanation

Question 35 of 95

1

Social psychologists have accurately predicted that _______ will exhibit less social loafing

Select one of the following:

  • women

  • men

  • children

  • the elderly

Explanation

Question 36 of 95

1

Groups tend to loaf less when

Select one of the following:

  • the members of the group are friends

  • they will never see each other again

  • the members are dissimilar

  • the members are strangers

Explanation

Question 37 of 95

1

Which of the following circumstances contributes to people becoming deindividuated?

Select one of the following:

  • They are immersed in a large group

  • They are physically anonymous

  • They are involved in arousing, distracting activities

  • All of the choices are correct

Explanation

Question 38 of 95

1

When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • social loafing

  • deindividuation

  • groupthink

Explanation

Question 39 of 95

1

The relationship between group size and the probability of deindividuation occurring is

Select one of the following:

  • positive

  • negative

  • neutral

  • curvilinear

Explanation

Question 40 of 95

1

Watson (1973) found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were

Select one of the following:

  • more likely to be victorious

  • less likely to be victorious

  • less likely to brutalize their victims

  • more likely to brutalize their victims

Explanation

Question 41 of 95

1

Zimbardo reported that women who were masked and hooded in KKK-style hoods and robes tended to _______ than women who were visible and wore name tags

Select one of the following:

  • administer longer shocks to a victim

  • engage in greater social loafing

  • make riskier decisions

  • make more contact and reveal more personal information

Explanation

Question 42 of 95

1

Douglas and McGarty (2001) reported that the anonymity of Internet chat rooms, newsgroups and listservs seems to foster more hostile behavior than is observed in face-to-face conversations. This is an example of how _______ contribute(s) to deindividuation

Select one of the following:

  • group size

  • physical anonymity

  • arousing activities

  • culture

Explanation

Question 43 of 95

1

Whenever your friend Ted surfs online, he writes terribly harsh letters to strangers using a bogus email address. Ted's behavior can likely be attributed to the role of _______ in deindividuation

Select one of the following:

  • group size

  • physical anonymity

  • arousing activities

  • culture

Explanation

Question 44 of 95

1

Based on research cited in the text, who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light?

Select one of the following:

  • The driver of a moped

  • The driver of a convertible with the top down

  • The drive of a convertible with the top up

  • The driver of a motorcycle

Explanation

Question 45 of 95

1

On Halloween night, Diener and her colleagues (1976) conducted a study of trick-or-treat theft at homes scattered throughout the Seattle area. Given a chance to steal candy, the children who were _______ were most likely to commit transgressions

Select one of the following:

  • anonymous and alone

  • anonymous and in a group

  • frustrated and alone

  • frustrated and in a group

Explanation

Question 46 of 95

1

According to the text, physical anonymity _______ results in antisocial behavior

Select one of the following:

  • always

  • sometimes

  • never

  • almost never

Explanation

Question 47 of 95

1

A review of studies on deindividuation showed that physical anonymity makes one _______ to cues presented in a situation, whether negative or positive

Select one of the following:

  • more responsive

  • less responsive

  • suddenly responsive

  • ambivalent

Explanation

Question 48 of 95

1

The relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is

Select one of the following:

  • positive

  • negative

  • neutral

  • curvilinear

Explanation

Question 49 of 95

1

People who are made self-aware, by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera, have been found to

Select one of the following:

  • exhibit increased self-confidence

  • behave more consistently with their attitudes

  • be less thoughtful in analyzing complex social issues

  • be more vulnerable to persuasive appeals that run counter to social norms

Explanation

Question 50 of 95

1

A loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, which can occur in group situations, is called

Select one of the following:

  • groupthink

  • social loafing

  • group polarization

  • deindividuation

Explanation

Question 51 of 95

1

A looting mob is a good example of

Select one of the following:

  • social loafing

  • groupthink

  • deindividuation

  • a risky shift

Explanation

Question 52 of 95

1

Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to

Select one of the following:

  • a risky shift

  • groupthink

  • pluralistic ignorance

  • group moderation

Explanation

Question 53 of 95

1

Group polarization occurs when group discussion _______ group members' initial inclinations

Select one of the following:

  • challenges

  • reversesc

  • neutralizes

  • strengthens

Explanation

Question 54 of 95

1

One effect of deindividuation is

Select one of the following:

  • diminished self-restraint

  • increased self-awareness

  • social facilitation

  • a risky shift

Explanation

Question 55 of 95

1

The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own, suggests the prevalence of naturally occurring

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • groupthink

  • minority influence

  • group polarization

Explanation

Question 56 of 95

1

Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups' purpose increase if they stay in the group. This is an example of

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • groupthink

  • minority influence

  • group polarization

Explanation

Question 57 of 95

1

Teresa has joined the campus Amnesty International Group and after attending a few of the meetings, now feels even more passionate about human rights. Social psychologists would explain the change in Teresa's opinions using

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • groupthink

  • minority influence

  • group polarization

Explanation

Question 58 of 95

1

Myers and Bishop (1970) organized groups of prejudiced and nonprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues involving racial attitudes, both before and after group discussion. Results showed that after within-group discussion, _______ became _______

Select one of the following:

  • all students; more prejudiced

  • all students; less prejudiced

  • between-group differences; smaller

  • between-group differences; greater

Explanation

Question 59 of 95

1

Consistent with what is known about group polarization, Schkade and Sunstein (2003) found that on federal appellate court cases, a Republican judge sitting with two other Republican judges voted _____ than when sitting with one Democratic judge

Select one of the following:

  • more liberally

  • more conservatively

  • more predictably

  • less predictablyc

Explanation

Question 60 of 95

1

Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community? gang delinquency

Select one of the following:

  • gang delinquency

  • cheering wildly at a football game

  • an isolated, troubled teenager being aggressive towards his classmates

  • a looting mob

Explanation

Question 61 of 95

1

The text suggests that the extremism of terrorist organizations, such as those involved in the September 11th attacks on the United States, is very likely the result of the naturally occurring process of

Select one of the following:

  • group polarization

  • pluralistic ignorance

  • social loafing

  • social facilitation

Explanation

Question 62 of 95

1

Wright (2003) suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences, such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations. Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend?

Select one of the following:

  • group polarization

  • pluralistic ignorance

  • social loafing

  • social facilitation

Explanation

Question 63 of 95

1

Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be

Select one of the following:

  • more likely to question the wisdom of legalizing physician-assisted suicides

  • even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized

  • sharply divided over whether physician-assisted suicides should be legalized

  • opposed to the legalization of physician-assisted suicides

Explanation

Question 64 of 95

1

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?

Select one of the following:

  • informational influences and normative influences

  • minority influences and social facilitation

  • psychological reactance and deindividuation

  • social comparison and self-censorship

Explanation

Question 65 of 95

1

Which one of the following is NOT an explanation for group polarization?

Select one of the following:

  • informational influence

  • normative influence

  • social facilitation

  • desire to be accepted

Explanation

Question 66 of 95

1

The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by

Select one of the following:

  • informational influence processes

  • normative influence processes

  • the cognitive miser theory

  • a decrease in pluralistic ignorance

Explanation

Question 67 of 95

1

Maggie favors the death penalty. In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates, she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before. After the discussion, her opinion is more extreme. This outcome is best explained by

Select one of the following:

  • informational influence processes

  • normative influence processes

  • the reactance theory

  • the social comparison theory

Explanation

Question 68 of 95

1

_______ in discussion produces more attitude change than does _______

Select one of the following:

  • Arguing; agreeing

  • Agreeing; arguing

  • Active participation; passive listening

  • Passive listening; active participation

Explanation

Question 69 of 95

1

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others is called

Select one of the following:

  • informational influence processing

  • normative influence processing

  • the reactance theory

  • the social comparison theory

Explanation

Question 70 of 95

1

According to Festinger (1954), it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by

Select one of the following:

  • comparing ourselves with others

  • designing everyday tests of validity

  • engaging in frequent introspection

  • actively studying the results of scientific research

Explanation

Question 71 of 95

1

Social comparison is more likely to sway responses on

Select one of the following:

  • issues that have a factual element

  • moderate, rather than severe, issues

  • value-laden judgments

  • complex, rather than simple issues

Explanation

Question 72 of 95

1

A false impression of what other people are thinking, feeling or responding is what social psychologists call

Select one of the following:

  • an imaginary audience

  • social comparison

  • pluralistic ignorance

  • groupthink

Explanation

Question 73 of 95

1

You are hesitant to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands and you would therefore seem foolish. Your thinking best exemplifies

Select one of the following:

  • groupthink

  • pluralistic ignorance

  • social loafing

  • self-handicapping

Explanation

Question 74 of 95

1

When people learn about others' positions, without making a prior commitment and without discussing their own position, they will

Select one of the following:

  • often take a reverse position

  • not adjust their own position

  • adjust their responses to be more in line with the others' position

  • pretend they "knew it all along

Explanation

Question 75 of 95

1

Groupthink can be defined as

Select one of the following:

  • a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony

  • a tendency to sacrifice group cohesiveness in favor of task orientation and problem focus

  • enhancement of problem-solving capacity as a result of several persons joining together to work on the same problem

  • reduced self-awareness as a result of group immersion and social anonymity

Explanation

Question 76 of 95

1

Julio is a directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus. When discussing important policy decisions, the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is also

Select one of the following:

  • isolated from dissenting viewpoints

  • composed of majority and minority students

  • well-informed regarding both sides of the issue

  • aware of the dangers of making wrong decisions

Explanation

Question 77 of 95

1

According to the text, groupthink symptoms can be viewed as a form of dissonance reduction as group members

Select one of the following:

  • try to maintain their positive group feelings

  • try to persuade other group members of their opinions

  • underestimate their group's might

  • discuss their group's vulnerability

Explanation

Question 78 of 95

1

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

Select one of the following:

  • "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."

  • "Joe, why don't you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer?"

  • "I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed."

  • "We have made some stupid mistakes in the past. Let's work carefully to not make the same errors again."

Explanation

Question 79 of 95

1

Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

Select one of the following:

  • "Our critics are not very smart."

  • "Our past decisions have always been right."

  • "Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."

  • "It seems to me we are all in agreement on this, so let's proceed."

Explanation

Question 80 of 95

1

Which two symptoms of groupthink lead group members to overestimate their group's right and might?

Select one of the following:

  • rationalization and conformity pressure

  • rationalization and a stereotyped view of the opponent

  • an illusion of invulnerability and self-censorship

  • an illusion of invulnerability and an unquestioned belief in the group's morality

Explanation

Question 81 of 95

1

Closed-mindedness is most clearly fostered by which of the following symptoms of groupthink?

Select one of the following:

  • rationalization

  • unquestioned belief in the group's morality

  • an illusion of unanimity

  • conformity pressure

Explanation

Question 82 of 95

1

The illusion of unanimity in a group is one aspect of

Select one of the following:

  • social facilitation

  • deindividuation

  • groupthink

  • rationalization

Explanation

Question 83 of 95

1

"Mindguards" protect group leaders from

Select one of the following:

  • unfair criticism

  • disagreeable facts

  • susceptibility to illusions

  • stereotyped views of the opponents

Explanation

Question 84 of 95

1

Which of the following is NOT a prescriptive strategy to prevent groupthink from developing?

Select one of the following:

  • One or more members should be assigned the position of devil's advocate

  • Group members should be kept together as one unit and not divided into separate discussion subgroups

  • Outsiders should attend the meetings and challenge the group's views

  • After reaching a preliminary decision, the group should call a second-chance meeting and ask each member to express remaining doubts

Explanation

Question 85 of 95

1

Groupthink symptoms can produce

Select one of the following:

  • deindividuation

  • social comparison

  • an illusion of dissent

  • a failure to seek contrary information

Explanation

Question 86 of 95

1

Research on brainstorming reveals that people working _______ will generate _______ good ideas

Select one of the following:

  • alone; fewer

  • alone; more

  • in large groups; more

  • in small group; more

Explanation

Question 87 of 95

1

Which of the following does NOT strengthen minority influence?

Select one of the following:

  • defections from the majority

  • self-confidence

  • consistency

  • open-mindedness

Explanation

Question 88 of 95

1

Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they

Select one of the following:

  • make use of two-sided rather than one-sided appeals

  • unswervingly stick to their position

  • argue positions that are greatly discrepant from the majority position

  • show respect for the majority position

Explanation

Question 89 of 95

1

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group is called

Select one of the following:

  • central route persuasion

  • peripheral route persuasion

  • leadership

  • the foot-in-the-door principle

Explanation

Question 90 of 95

1

Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Martha excels in

Select one of the following:

  • social leadership

  • laissez faire leadership

  • task leadership

  • masculine leadership

Explanation

Question 91 of 95

1

After landing an interview with your dream company, you learn that the interview will consist of questions asking you to demonstrate how you would go about organizing your employees, setting goals and achieving those goals. The company is asking you these questions in an effort to determine the extent to which you possess

Select one of the following:

  • social leadership

  • laissez faire leadership

  • task leadership

  • masculine leadership

Explanation

Question 92 of 95

1

Research on leadership indicates that

Select one of the following:

  • all great leaders share certain traits

  • effective supervisors tend to score high on both task and social leadership

  • the most effective leaders typically deviate significantly from a group's standards or norms

  • great leaders share little in common

Explanation

Question 93 of 95

1

Gina is a highly effective leader who excels in delegating authority, motivating those under her authority, and providing support. Gina excels in

Select one of the following:

  • social leadership

  • laissez faire leadership

  • task leadership

  • feminine leadership

Explanation

Question 94 of 95

1

Task leadership is to a _______ style as social leadership is to a _______ style

Select one of the following:

  • democratic; directive

  • directive; democratic

  • feminine; masculine

  • collectivistic; individualistic

Explanation

Question 95 of 95

1

Leadership that organizes work, sets standards and focuses on goals is _______ leadership

Select one of the following:

  • masculine

  • feminine

  • task

  • social

Explanation

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