Rachel Rivera
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Review of Endocrine System

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Rachel Rivera
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Endocrine System Review

Question 1 of 57

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Which organ is considered a "neuroendocrine" organ?

Explanation

Question 2 of 57

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Which organ system works with the endocrine system to control or regulate body function?

Explanation

Question 3 of 57

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The endocrine system controls, regulates, and maintains

Explanation

Question 4 of 57

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What glands have both exocrine and endocrine functions? , ,

Explanation

Question 5 of 57

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- travel in blood or lymph over long distances
- exert effects on same cells that secrete them
- affect local cells but not those that secrete them

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    Hormones
    Autocrines
    Paracrines

Explanation

Question 6 of 57

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Autocrines and Paracrines are considered part of the endocrine system

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 7 of 57

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What are the three types of chemical messengers?
, ,

Explanation

Question 8 of 57

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Which cells are affected by hormones?

Select one of the following:

  • organ cells

  • tissue cells

  • neural cells

  • target cells

  • muscle cells

  • all cells

Explanation

Question 9 of 57

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What are the two main chemical classes of hormones?

Explanation

Question 10 of 57

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What chemical class are most hormones?

Select one of the following:

  • amino acid-based

  • steroids

Explanation

Question 11 of 57

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Steroids are synthesized from .

Explanation

Question 12 of 57

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Gonadal (sex) hormones and Adrenocortical hormones are considered what chemical class?

Explanation

Question 13 of 57

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Hormones circulate through blood to all body cells, but only cells with for a specific hormone will respond to that hormone.

Explanation

Question 14 of 57

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The two mechanisms of hormone action are - hormones and - hormones.

Explanation

Question 15 of 57

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All amino-acid based hormones except thyroid hormone are .

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    water-soluble hormones
    lipid-soluble hormones
    autocrine hormones
    paracrine hormones

Explanation

Question 16 of 57

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Steroids and thyroid hormones are .

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    lipid-soluble hormones
    water-soluble hormones
    paracrine hormones
    autocrine hormones

Explanation

Question 17 of 57

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Characterize the Nervous System vs. Endocrine System:
messenger: ( electrochemical impulses, chemical messengers ) vs. ( chemical messengers, electrochemical impulses )
response time: ( quick, slow ) vs. ( slow, quick )
duration of response: ( short, long ) vs. ( long, short )
target location: ( local, distant ) vs. ( distant, local )

Explanation

Question 18 of 57

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Synthesis/release of most hormones is controlled by feedback mechanism.

Explanation

Question 19 of 57

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Amino acid hormones (except thyroid hormones) bind to in the plasma membrane and then act via intracellular messengers. This is called the mechanism.

Explanation

Question 20 of 57

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Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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    Hormone binds to membr. receptor
    Recptr binds & actv G protein @ cell mem
    G protein actv. adenylate cyclase
    Adenylate cyclase conv ATP to cyclic AMP
    cAMP activates protein kinases
    Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins

Explanation

Question 21 of 57

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The Cyclic AMP signaling mechanism has a first messenger and a second messenger.

Explanation

Question 22 of 57

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The cyclic AMP signaling mechanism starts with a (first messenger) binding to a receptor. The receptor binds and activates at the cell . This activates (enzyme), which converts ATP to (second messenger). The second messenger activates which then proteins.

Explanation

Question 23 of 57

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In the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism, each adenylate cyclase generates cAMP molecules which then activates protein kinases which phosphorylates proteins triggering a of chemical reactions called the effect.

Explanation

Question 24 of 57

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Action of cAMP is brief because it is rapidly degraded by enzyme .

Explanation

Question 25 of 57

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It is OK for cAMP to be broken down because of the .

Explanation

Question 26 of 57

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Intracellular receptors and direct gene activation steps:
1.
2.
3. &

4.

5.
6.

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    Diffuse into target cells
    bind to and actv. intracellular receptor
    Recp-horm complex enters nucleus
    binds to specific region of DNA
    Binding to DNA "turns on" a gene
    initiates transcription of DNA to mRNA
    mRNA exits nucleus & binds to ribosomes
    mRNA is translated
    directs protein synthesis on ribosomes

Explanation

Question 27 of 57

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receptors are found on nearly all cells of body and the hormone is the main regulator of cellular .

Explanation

Question 28 of 57

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Target cell activation depends on the three factors:
1. of hormone
2. on or in the target cell
3. between the hormone and receptor

Explanation

Question 29 of 57

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The three types of stimuli that trigger hormone release are:
1.
2.
3.

Explanation

Question 30 of 57

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What is the stimuli?
- nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines in response to stress
- Blood Ca2+ monitored by parathyroid gland (releases PTH when levels are low)
- hypothalamus hormones stimulate release of most anterior pituitary hormones which then stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones

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    neural
    humoral
    hormonal

Explanation

Question 31 of 57

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What is the cycle which inhibits the release of anterior pituitary hormones due to increasing levels of hormones from the final target organs?
--

Explanation

Question 32 of 57

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can override normal endocrine controls and thus maintain .

Explanation

Question 33 of 57

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The nervous system will override normal endocrine controls when under . The and nervous system are activated to override insulin control of blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels rise to be used if needed during fight-or-flight.

Explanation

Question 34 of 57

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Most hormones circulate in the blood as:

Select one of the following:

  • free

  • bound to protein carrier

Explanation

Question 35 of 57

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Which hormones circulate bound to a protein carrier?

Select one or more of the following:

  • amino-acid based except thyroid

  • steroids and thyroid hormone

Explanation

Question 36 of 57

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Concentration of circulating hormone reflects the rate of release of the hormone and speed of inactivation and removal from the body.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 37 of 57

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After hormones have exerted their effects, most hormones are removed from the blood and broken down by the and . The resulting breakdown products are excreted in the and .

Explanation

Question 38 of 57

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Only one hormone may act on the same target cell at the same time.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 39 of 57

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What are the three types of hormone interaction?
1.
2.
3.

Explanation

Question 40 of 57

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Characterize the following examples:
Glucagon from pancreas and epinephrine from adrenal glands cause liver to release glucose to bloodstream -
Thyroid hormone is necessary for normal development of reproductive structures -
insulin lower blood glucose levels while glucagon raises blood glucose levels -

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    synergism
    permissiveness
    antagonism

Explanation

Question 41 of 57

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The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus by the .

Explanation

Question 42 of 57

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The posterior pituitary lobe is made of tissue containing cells called . The anterior pituitary lobe is made of tissue which is a type of tissue. The tissue contains cells which produce the tropic hormones and cells which produce non-tropic hormones.

Explanation

Question 43 of 57

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The pituitary gland is located in the of the of the sphenoid bone.

Explanation

Question 44 of 57

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The posterior pituitary is considered a true endocrine gland

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 45 of 57

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The posterior pituitary lobe connects to the hypothalamus via the - .

Explanation

Question 46 of 57

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Steps to release hormones from posterior pituitary: The hypothalamic synthesize . They are transported down the of the - tract to the posterior pituitary and stored in the . In response to hypothalamic neurons firing, arriving at the posterior pituitary cause the release of the .

Explanation

Question 47 of 57

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The two neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary are and which are hormones.

Explanation

Question 48 of 57

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The anterior pituitary lobe is connect to the hypothalamus which is a connection called the .

Explanation

Question 49 of 57

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The hypophyseal portal system consists of a located in the , , and a located in the .

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    primary capillary plexus
    infundibulum
    hypohyseal portal veins
    secondary capillary plexus
    anterior pituitary lobe

Explanation

Question 50 of 57

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Which gland do the the 6 tropic hormones released from the hypothalamus stimulate?

Explanation

Question 51 of 57

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in hypothalamus monitor blood solute (and water) concentration. When there is too much concentrate posterior pituitary secretes (abbreviation) into blood.

Explanation

Question 52 of 57

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Gigantism occurs due to excessive (abr) targeting active before they close.

Explanation

Question 53 of 57

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Acromegaly is due to an abundance of (abr.) and is often caused due to an pituitary . Affects only the , , and due to ephiphyseal plates having already closed.

Explanation

Question 54 of 57

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The was called the "master endocrine gland" because many of its hormones regulate activity of other endocrine glands.

Explanation

Question 55 of 57

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What disease is indicated by increased urine output, intense thirst, and is premeditated by damage to the head?

Explanation

Question 56 of 57

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What syndrome is marked by retention of fluid, brain edema, headache, and disorientation especially following neurosurgery/general anesthesia, meningitis, hypothalamic injury, or lung cancer? of

Explanation

Question 57 of 57

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When high concentrations of ADH are released during severe blood loss, blood pressure is and occurs.

Explanation

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