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History Final

Question 1 of 50

2

McCarthyism primarily and fundamentally reflected

Select one of the following:

  • fears of Soviet attack.

  • hostility to the Truman administration for firing General MacArthur.

  • the fears and hatreds of many Americans, who were suspicious of things foreign, liberal, internationalist, European, or intellectual.

  • the threat that Communist-led insurgencies would overthrow the pro-Western governments in developing countries in Asia.

Explanation

Question 2 of 50

2

All of the following offered, directly or implicitly, conscious dissent from the consensus-oriented, organizational culture of the 1950s EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • the beats.

  • rock and roll.

  • the TV preachers.

  • teen culture.

Explanation

Question 3 of 50

2

What event was Khrushchev speaking of when he said the world had come close to "destroying the human race"?

Select one of the following:

  • the construction of the Berlin Wall

  • the Cuban missile crisis

  • the U-2 shoot-down over the USSR

  • the Bay of Pigs invasion

Explanation

Question 4 of 50

2

America's basic cold war strategy emerged when the Truman administration adopted the recommendations of U.S. diplomat and Soviet specialist George Kennan. This strategy is known as the

Select one of the following:

  • counterinsurgency strategy.

  • containment doctrine.

  • appeasement policy.

  • anticommunist crusade.

Explanation

Question 5 of 50

2

Modern Republicanism in practice meant

Select one of the following:

  • support of a universal health care plan.

  • selective cutbacks in New Deal programs like farm price supports.

  • fiscal conservatism.

  • significant hikes in military spending.

Explanation

Question 6 of 50

2

Which statement about what might be termed the "second Red scare" after World War II is true?

Select one of the following:

  • The administration, the House of Representatives, and the Senate all conducted probes of possible subversive activity.

  • With Truman's blessing, the McCarran Act of 1950 was passed, requiring all Communists to register with the attorney General.

  • American fears of Communist subversion eased once the Truman administration set up an internal loyalty program.

  • Rooted in fears of a Soviet invasion, it essentially began as a reaction to revelations that the Russians had the bomb.

Explanation

Question 7 of 50

2

Which stereotype of women was most common in the 1950s?

Select one of the following:

  • domestic and motherly

  • an equal partner in American democracy

  • independent and career-oriented

  • genteel and cultured

Explanation

Question 8 of 50

2

Just before leaving office in 1961, President Eisenhower warned Americans of the

Select one of the following:

  • growing Russian hostility toward China.

  • risks of a "missile gap."

  • threat from internal Communist agents.

  • dangers of the military-industrial complex.

Explanation

Question 9 of 50

2

Several factors explain the rise of the cold war. Which of the following does NOT describe these factors?

Select one of the following:

  • ideological: both Soviet communism and the "American dream" represented ends and means that the other side hated

  • historic: the Soviets remembered earlier invasions; the Americans remembered the prewar Nazi-Soviet pact

  • economic: both the U.S. and USSR were economically devastated after World War II

  • geopolitical: the Truman administration harbored suspicions about Soviet designs on its neighbors

Explanation

Question 10 of 50

2

All of the following contributed to the explosive growth of suburbs EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • the automobile, which made the suburbs accessible.

  • the return of prosperity, which led to the baby boom.

  • television, which drew Americans toward the centers of cities.

  • the baby boom, which created a need for housing.

Explanation

Question 11 of 50

2

What geographic reorientation of popular culture had occurred by the later 1960s?

Select one of the following:

  • the rise of the West Coast as trend-setter

  • a return to the southern roots of both black rhythm and blues and white rock ‘n' roll

  • the shift from rural to urban settings in television shows

  • the rise of the "Big Apple" (New York City) as the center of the recording and film industries

Explanation

Question 12 of 50

2

What event, more than any other, catapulted Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to national prominence?

Select one of the following:

  • the Montgomery bus boycott

  • being jailed in Birmingham

  • his embrace of pacifism and nonviolence

  • the "I have a dream" speech

Explanation

Question 13 of 50

2

Which of the following civil rights organizations effectively used the nation's judicial system to implement lasting change in America?

Select one of the following:

  • Black Panthers

  • NAACP

  • SNCC

  • CORE

Explanation

Question 14 of 50

2

How did Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus respond to federal troops taking control of the National Guard for a year following the mob protests against the Little Rock Nine?

Select one of the following:

  • He urged the white community of Little Rock to be reasonable.

  • He closed all schools in Little Rock to prevent desegregation.

  • He took the leadership in the desegregation effort and met the Little Rock Nine.

  • He negotiated a gradual desegregation with President Eisenhower.

Explanation

Question 15 of 50

2

Which of the following musicians transformed himself from the quintessential folk protest artist into a major force in American rock music?

Select one of the following:

  • Jerry Garcia

  • Buddy Holly

  • Elvis Presley

  • Bob Dylan

Explanation

Question 16 of 50

2

Martin Luther King, Jr. rose to leadership in the civil rights movement during the 1950s. His strategies, different from those of the recent past, would become the primary techniques of the civil rights movement into the 1960s. What is the most accurate summary of this transition in the movement?

Select one of the following:

  • King proposed nonviolent confrontation rather than the NAACP's strategy of legal challenges to segregation in the courts.

  • Direct and often violent confrontation replaced nonviolent passive resistance.

  • King's rhetorical skills on TV, rather than organized action, caught the nation's attention.

  • King appealed directly to President Eisenhower to lend his support to efforts to speed up desegregation.

Explanation

Question 17 of 50

2

All of the following were elements of Johnson's "Great Society" programs EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • a health insurance program for the elderly.

  • a medical care program for the poor.

  • an anti-poverty program.

  • a funding program to return tax revenues to states.

Explanation

Question 18 of 50

2

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did all of the following except

Select one of the following:

  • strike down literacy tests used to block blacks at the polls.

  • bar discrimination in public accommodations.

  • prohibit employers from discriminating by race.

  • prohibit employers from discriminating by sex.

Explanation

Question 19 of 50

2

The case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka concerned

Select one of the following:

  • equal access to schools.

  • racial segregation in public schools.

  • federal aid to education.

  • prayer in public schools.

Explanation

Question 20 of 50

2

Which of the following presented the most divisive issue the Kennedy administration had to face?

Select one of the following:

  • labor union activism

  • class divisions in America

  • the civil rights movement

  • the war in Vietnam

Explanation

Question 21 of 50

2

The term "Vietnamization" refers to the policy of

Select one of the following:

  • countering antiwar propaganda with a campaign to tell the "real story" in Vietnam.

  • training United States troops in the "Nine Rules" for understanding Vietnamese culture.

  • shifting the burden of actual combat to the South Vietnamese.

  • shifting U.S. military operations from conventional tactics to guerrilla-type combat like that of the Viet Cong.

Explanation

Question 22 of 50

2

Which of the following Supreme Court decisions struck down 46 state laws that restricted a woman's access to abortion?

Select one of the following:

  • Jones v. Schafly

  • Steinam v. United States

  • Roe v. Wade

  • Plessy v. Ferguson

Explanation

Question 23 of 50

2

Richard Nixon is best described as a(n)

Select one of the following:

  • ideologue, whose rigidly anti-Communist instincts led him to stand firm against the Soviets.

  • cold war liberal, committed equally to containment of Communism abroad and an active federal welfare program at home.

  • pragmatist, who deviated from his own earlier positions in both foreign and domestic policy.

  • extremist, who deliberately and scornfully criticized hippies and antiwar protesters.

Explanation

Question 24 of 50

2

Why couldn't America's superior technology prevail in Vietnam?

Select one of the following:

  • Technology did not distinguish friend from foe.

  • The U.S. never exploited its technological advantages.

  • Politicians and the media refused to let the military use its technology effectively.

  • The Vietnamese peasants were more influenced by the terrorist attacks of the Vietcong than the incomprehensible machines of the Americans.

Explanation

Question 25 of 50

2

The Gulf of Tonkin resolution, as passed by

Select one of the following:

  • the UN General Assembly, condemned U.S. aggression against the people of Vietnam.

  • the UN Security Council, called for both U.S. and North Vietnamese forces to withdraw from South Vietnam.

  • Congress, authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel attacks on U.S. forces.

  • Congress, blocked further commitment of U.S. ground troops without congressional approval.

Explanation

Question 26 of 50

2

Gays achieved a major symbolic victory in 1974 when the ________ removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.

Select one of the following:

  • Association of American Psychiatrists

  • American Psychological Association

  • American Psychiatric Association

  • American Medical Association

Explanation

Question 27 of 50

2

How did the United Farm Workers under Cesar Chavez accomplish additional leverage in their protest against working conditions for migrant laborers?

Select one of the following:

  • They aligned with anti-colonial movements in South Asia.

  • They conducted a public march in California's Central Valley.

  • They recruited Robert F. Kennedy for their cause.

  • They organized a consumer boycott of grapes in supermarkets.

Explanation

Question 28 of 50

2

Which of the following was NOT one of the three articles of impeachment adopted by the House Judiciary Committee regarding Nixon?

Select one of the following:

  • obstruction of justice

  • lying under oath

  • abuse of constitutional authority

  • improper use of federal agencies to harass citizens

Explanation

Question 29 of 50

2

How did U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War finally end?

Select one of the following:

  • with an international peace conference after the defeat of a large U.S. force

  • with the negotiated withdrawal of U.S. troops according to a treaty with South Vietnam

  • with the unilateral withdrawal of U.S. troops

  • with the negotiated withdrawal of U.S. troops according to a treaty with North Vietnam

Explanation

Question 30 of 50

2

All of the following "traumas" occurred in 1968 EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • the assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.

  • the first big urban race riot in Watts.

  • the Tet offensive in Vietnam.

  • confrontation in the streets during the Democratic convention.

Explanation

Question 31 of 50

2

What was NOT a principle or strategy that unified the diverse group known as isolationists?

Select one of the following:

  • support for the Lend-Lease Act

  • opposition to political commitments to other nations

  • opposition to war

  • support for the Neutrality Acts

Explanation

Question 32 of 50

2

Concerning the background to the Pearl Harbor attack, which of the following statements is true?

Select one of the following:

  • The text ultimately explains the coming of war with Japan by showing how each side came to understand the other's intentions.

  • Clear evidence now exists that President Franklin Roosevelt knew about and even encouraged the Japanese to attack Pearl Harbor in 1941.

  • Before Pearl Harbor, the U.S. provided substantial military aid to the British and Russians.

  • Right up until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt was one of the country's most outspoken isolationists.

Explanation

Question 33 of 50

2

After Allied forces in North Africa were halted at the Kasserine Pass, which general regrouped them and masterminded an impressive string of victories?

Select one of the following:

  • Montgomery

  • Rommel

  • Eisenhower

  • Patton

Explanation

Question 34 of 50

2

The neutrality legislation of the 1930s was based on the assumption that the United States could keep out of war by

Select one of the following:

  • banning arms sales to countries at war.

  • ending its own depression.

  • staying out of the League of Nations.

  • granting independence to all American foreign possessions.

Explanation

Question 35 of 50

2

The first city attacked with atomic weapons was

Select one of the following:

  • Edo.

  • Hiroshima.

  • Nagasaki.

  • Tokyo.

Explanation

Question 36 of 50

2

Which statement regarding the "miracle" of war production is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

  • War production rested on the conversion of peacetime industries, so overall economic output grew very little.

  • Both corporate profits and personal incomes rose, though more-flexible smaller firms and wealthier individuals gained the most.

  • Worker productivity increased, due more to new job opportunities after a long depression than to any commitment to the war effort.

  • U.S. achievements in war production proved as important to the Allied victory as success on the battlefield.

Explanation

Question 37 of 50

2

The war aims of the Allies were articulated before U.S. entry into the war, in the so-called Atlantic Charter. This document included all of the following EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • a call for a new association of nations.

  • a commitment to the "Four Freedoms."

  • the combined approval of Churchill and Roosevelt.

  • a condemnation of Nazism.

Explanation

Question 38 of 50

2

Each of the following was a component of U.S. diplomacy between the world wars EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • joining collective efforts to block German and Japanese aggression.

  • reaction to a Japanese takeover of Manchuria with nothing more than refusal to recognize an act that violated international agreements or open-door principles.

  • becoming a good neighbor to Latin America by using economic influence rather than military intervention.

  • renouncing collective action and declining to act as a world leader.

Explanation

Question 39 of 50

2

What government body was created to help implement Executive Order 8802, which forbade discrimination by race in hiring government and defense industry workers?

Select one of the following:

  • Fair Employment Practices Committee

  • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

  • Equal Opportunity Bureau

  • Fair Practices Commission

Explanation

Question 40 of 50

2

Which of the following does NOT describe an aspect of the impact of World War II on American society?

Select one of the following:

  • It brought recovery from the stagnation and unemployment of the Great Depression.

  • Military life served as a melting pot, as well as taking Americans far from home.

  • Women found new economic opportunities despite little change in gender attitudes.

  • Women and minorities felt resentment at being barred from military service.

Explanation

Question 41 of 50

2

What is meant by "supply-side economics"—the new Reagan approach to economic policy in the early 1980s?

Select one of the following:

  • cutting back welfare and other programs for the poor, to force them to provide for their own needs

  • keeping interest rates high to increase the money supply

  • the attempt to increase domestic oil supplies

  • encouraging, through tax cuts, private sector investment that would create new jobs, thus promoting economic growth and increasing net tax revenues

Explanation

Question 42 of 50

2

The Reagan administration focused on three priorities in foreign policy. Which of the following accurately states an initiative in one of the three areas?

Select one of the following:

  • Soviet Union: both a sharp military build-up and a new arms control treaty

  • Far East: public rhetoric critical of China's suppression of democratic reform

  • Middle East: successful retaliation against Libya and Lebanon for terrorist attacks

  • Central America: an invasion of Panama to rescue American students and prevent a Marxist takeover

Explanation

Question 43 of 50

2

In the case of Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that

Select one of the following:

  • busing was unconstitutional and harmful to children.

  • abortion was a constitutional right of privacy.

  • affirmative action was unlawful and against the free market.

  • racial quotas in college admissions were unlawful.

Explanation

Question 44 of 50

2

Which statement best explains Bill Clinton's victory in 1992?

Select one of the following:

  • Middle-of-the-road voters turned to Clinton, who painted himself as a moderate.

  • Worried about growing instability around the world, voters opted for the candidate with experience in foreign affairs.

  • Voters, in an upbeat mood, rejected the sour criticisms of Bush and Perot and embraced Clinton's optimistic vision for change.

  • As a southerner and liberal, Clinton rebuilt the traditional Democratic coalition and won a solid majority of both popular and electoral votes.

Explanation

Question 45 of 50

2

The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982

Select one of the following:

  • was unsuccessful, as the predictions of booming tax revenues did not materialize.

  • fostered a continuing recession, rising interest rates, and a mounting federal deficit.

  • helped reform Social Security.

  • included a $98 billion tax increase.

Explanation

Question 46 of 50

2

How was the scandal known as "Irangate" different from the "Watergate" scandal of the Nixon administration?

Select one of the following:

  • Reagan was kept in the dark; Nixon was kept in the loop.

  • Unelected individuals were in control; Nixon was in control.

  • There was little support to impeach Reagan.

  • All these answers are correct.

Explanation

Question 47 of 50

2

Ronald Reagan came into office in 1981 with a threefold agenda, including all of the following EXCEPT

Select one of the following:

  • reduction in the power and activism of the presidency.

  • deregulation of the economy.

  • reduction in spending for social programs.

  • tax cuts.

Explanation

Question 48 of 50

2

In the 1980s, with health care costs skyrocketing, a deadly new disease threatened to take on epidemic proportions. In this disease,

Select one of the following:

  • organic poisons were transmitted by the needles of drug users.

  • leaking nuclear radiation caused incurable brain cancers.

  • a parasite was transmitted in polluted streams.

  • a virus broke down the human immune system.

Explanation

Question 49 of 50

2

The chapter introduction tells the story of San Diego's Horton Plaza to make the point that

Select one of the following:

  • malls, as centers of consumer culture, symbolized the private quest for personal fulfillment typical of the 1980s.

  • religious activists began to relocate Sunday services from traditional churches to the new retail malls.

  • Ronald Reagan's successful presidential campaign focused on California-style shopping malls.

  • malls like Horton Plaza caused the decline of downtown business districts.

Explanation

Question 50 of 50

2

President Carter announced the United States would boycott the Olympics in 1980 in response to what world event?

Select one of the following:

  • the death of eight Marines in Iran

  • the Islamic rebellion in Afghanistan

  • OPEC oil price increases that drove up inflation to nearly 14 percent

  • the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Explanation

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