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Personality Pysch @ Rutgers

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, and Personality

Question 1 of 60

1

A person who is androgynous scores

Select one of the following:

  • low on both masculinity and femininity.

  • high on both masculinity and femininity.

  • high on masculinity and low femininity.

  • high on femininity and low on masculinity.

Explanation

Question 2 of 60

1

Which of the following MOST emphasizes physiological differences as causing sex differences?

Select one of the following:

  • Socialization theory

  • Social role theory

  • Evolutionary theory

  • Hormonal theory

Explanation

Question 3 of 60

1

Differences between men and women in terms of personality or behavior without regard to the causes of those differences are called

Select one of the following:

  • sex differences.

  • gender differences.

  • adaptive problems.

  • gender stereotypes.

Explanation

Question 4 of 60

1

The fact that men are, on average, taller than women is best described by the term

Select one of the following:

  • sex difference

  • gender difference

  • adaptive problem

  • gender stereotype

Explanation

Question 5 of 60

1

The social interpretation of what it means to be a man or a woman is referred to as

Select one of the following:

  • sex.

  • gender.

  • social learning theory.

  • gender stereotypes.

Explanation

Question 6 of 60

1

Beliefs about the ways emn and women differ, in contrast to actual differences, are called

Select one of the following:

  • sex differences.

  • gender differences.

  • adaptive problems.

  • gender stereotypes.

Explanation

Question 7 of 60

1

The idea that mean are not capable of being nurturing is an example of a(n)

Select one of the following:

  • adaptive problem.

  • gender stereotype.

  • gender difference.

  • sex difference.

Explanation

Question 8 of 60

1

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons some individuals have argued that studying sex differences is a potentially dangerous course of study?

Select one of the following:

  • the findings may be used to support political agendas.

  • minimizing these differences may hamper the feminist agenda.

  • the findings may be used to support the status quo.

  • the findings may reflect gender stereotypes, rather than real differences.

Explanation

Question 9 of 60

1

Feminist psychologists like Alive Eagly argue that is impossiblee to ignore the study of sex differences since

Select one of the following:

  • scientific and social change will be impossible without coming to terms with real sex differences between men & women.

  • science will show that the differences between men & women have been exaggerated and are minimal.

  • it is important to understand how gender stereotypes make men & women different from one another.

  • researchers need to be able to dismiss the role of sex differences in behavior to advance the feminist agenda.

Explanation

Question 10 of 60

1

The study of sex differences in psychology became popular in the

Select one of the following:

  • 1920s

  • 1950s

  • 1970s

  • 1990s

Explanation

Question 11 of 60

1

In an influential book, "The Psychology of Sex Differences," Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklyn argued that

Select one of the following:

  • men were slightly better at verbal tasks.

  • men were more aggressive than woman.

  • men & women do not differ significantly in personality.

  • women were slightly better at object rotation tasks.

Explanation

Question 12 of 60

1

The statistical technique of _________________ summarizes findings from many different studies.

Select one of the following:

  • factor analysis

  • meta-analysis

  • gender analysis

  • qualitative analysis

Explanation

Question 13 of 60

1

An effect size of 0.51 would be considered ______________ between two groups.

Select one of the following:

  • small

  • moderate

  • large

  • no difference

Explanation

Question 14 of 60

1

An effect size of -0.82 would be considered ___________ between two groups.

Select one of the following:

  • small

  • moderate

  • large

  • no difference

Explanation

Question 15 of 60

1

the "d" effect size statistic is interpreted as the

Select one of the following:

  • average difference in units of standard deviations.

  • standard deviation of the sample.

  • mean difference between samples.

  • difference score between two sample.

Explanation

Question 16 of 60

1

The findings that women score higher in verbal ability and that men score higher in math ability have effect sizes that are considered

Select one of the following:

  • small.

  • moderate.

  • large.

  • very large.

Explanation

Question 17 of 60

1

When we observe a sex difference where women score higher than man, we can conclude that

Select one of the following:

  • most women will score higher than most men.

  • some men will score higher than most women.

  • there is a difference between men's average score and women's average score.

  • the difference is due to the hormones.

Explanation

Question 18 of 60

1

When we examine average sex differences between men and women, regardless of the size of those differences, it is important to remember that

Select one of the following:

  • sex differences may have political implications that must be interpreted very carefully.

  • the implications of average sex differences does not necessarily apply to any particular individual.

  • researchers may upset someone by finding any particular sex difference between men and women.

  • there is generally little overlap between distributions of male and female scores for any particular characteristic.

Explanation

Question 19 of 60

1

_________________ views sex differences as small and inconsequential

Select one of the following:

  • Social roles theory.

  • Socialization theory.

  • The minimalist position.

  • The maximalist position.

Explanation

Question 20 of 60

1

___________________ argues that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized.

Select one of the following:

  • The antifeminist position.

  • The minimalist position.

  • The moderation position.

  • The maximalist position.

Explanation

Question 21 of 60

1

A proponent of social learning theory, Alice Eagly's views on the importance of sex difference are best characterized by the _____________________ view.

Select one of the following:

  • minimalist

  • undifferentiated.

  • maximalist

  • feminist

Explanation

Question 22 of 60

1

______________ is a facet of extraversion that has been shown to have the largest sex difference between men and women.

Select one of the following:

  • Gregariousness

  • Assertiveness

  • Activity

  • Talkativeness

Explanation

Question 23 of 60

1

Men commit about ______________________ percent of all homicides that are committed worldwide.

Select one of the following:

  • 60

  • 70

  • 80

  • 90

Explanation

Question 24 of 60

1

The finding that men interrupt conversations more frequently then women do is consistent with research on sex differences for which of the following facets of extraversion?

Select one of the following:

  • Acitivty

  • Trust

  • Assertiveness

  • Impulsiveness

Explanation

Question 25 of 60

1

Women tend to score higher than men on the _________________ facet of the agreeableness personality trait.

Select one of the following:

  • activity

  • good-natured

  • tender-mindedness

  • cooperative

Explanation

Question 26 of 60

1

People who score high on the tender-mindedness facet of the agreeableness in the 5 fact model of personality tend to

Select one of the following:

  • lack intelligence.

  • be nurturing and empathetic.

  • have a poor grasp of reality.

  • be psychologically fragile.

Explanation

Question 27 of 60

1

Men tend to score higher than women on personality measures of

Select one of the following:

  • aggressiveness.

  • warmth.

  • neuroticism.

  • conscientiousness.

Explanation

Question 28 of 60

1

Women tend to score higher than men on the ______________ facet of the conscientiousness personality trait.

Select one of the following:

  • order

  • self-discipline

  • responsible

  • scrupulous

Explanation

Question 29 of 60

1

Women tend to score higher than men on the ___________ facet of the emotional stability personality trait.

Select one of the following:

  • impulsivity

  • aggressiveness

  • anxiety

  • insecurity

Explanation

Question 30 of 60

1

Men & Women show the least differences on the personality trait of __________ of the five-factor model of personality.

Select one of the following:

  • extraversion

  • emotional stability

  • agreeableness

  • openness

Explanation

Question 31 of 60

1

Brebner's international study of the basic emotions found that women experience emotion ____________ than men.

Select one of the following:

  • less frequently and less intensely

  • more frequently and more intensely

  • less frequently and more intensely

  • more frequently and less intensely

Explanation

Question 32 of 60

1

A person's general self-evaluation is known as

Select one of the following:

  • global self-esteem.

  • domain-specific self-esteem.

  • self-esteem variability.

  • overall self concept.

Explanation

Question 33 of 60

1

Overall, sex differences in self-esteem have been found to be

Select one of the following:

  • small.

  • moderate.

  • large.

  • very large.

Explanation

Question 34 of 60

1

A problem for evolutionary theory is that

Select one of the following:

  • it does not address the origins of sex differences.

  • it does not explain that individual differences within the sexes.

  • research suggests that fathers prefer to spend time with daughters.

  • differences between short- and long-term mating strategies are too small.

Explanation

Question 35 of 60

1

Sex differences between men and women in terms of self-esteem

Select one of the following:

  • start occurring in childhood, continue increasing during adolescence, and increase steadily during adulthood.

  • are slight in childhood, peak during the teenage years, and steadily decrease during adulthood.

  • are not present in childhood, begin to occur in adolescence, and steadily decrease during adulthood.

  • are extremely large during childhood and decrease over the remainder of the life span.

Explanation

Question 36 of 60

1

One of the largest differences in sexuality between men and women is found in their interest in

Select one of the following:

  • sex.

  • casual sex.

  • specific sex acts.

  • safe sex.

Explanation

Question 37 of 60

1

Depressed women are more likely to __________________- than depressed men.

Select one of the following:

  • become socially withdrawn

  • act aggressively

  • seek treatment

  • commit suicide with a firearm

Explanation

Question 38 of 60

1

Research on sex differences in men and women in terms of depression

Select one of the following:

  • fails to find consistent differences.

  • finds that women tend to be more depressed than men.

  • finds that men tend to be more depressed than women.

  • finds that the depression differences are due to differences on the people-things dimension.

Explanation

Question 39 of 60

1

Sex differences in depression between men and women are observed

Select one of the following:

  • across the life span.

  • only in childhood.

  • mostly in adolescence and adulthood.

  • mostly in old age.

Explanation

Question 40 of 60

1

Approximately __________________ percent of adult women and __________ percent of adult men will have at least one episode of depression during their lives.

Select one of the following:

  • 15; 5

  • 30; 20

  • 25; 10

  • 20; 20

Explanation

Question 41 of 60

1

Some researchers speculate that _____________ explains gender differences between men and women for depression.

Select one of the following:

  • hormones

  • genetic susceptibility

  • rumination

  • differences on the trait of trust

Explanation

Question 42 of 60

1

If a person focuses repeatedly on his or her symptoms and the causes of that distress, the person may be involved in

Select one of the following:

  • rumination.

  • recidivism.

  • regression.

  • rehabilitation.

Explanation

Question 43 of 60

1

The greater rate of depression that women suffer as compared to men may be due to

Select one of the following:

  • increases in male happiness due an increased number of televised sports on cable television.

  • increasing body dissatisfaction occurring around the onset of puberty when the heterosexual.

  • greater levels of "hostile masculinity" by males around the onset of puberty when heterosexual interaction increases.

  • differences in brain structure between women and men that physiologically predisposes women to ruminate.

Explanation

Question 44 of 60

1

Which is NOT predicted from Bleske and Buss's study of opposite sex friendships?

Select one of the following:

  • Men are more likely to than women to initiate friendship with someone of the opposite sex because they are sexually attracted to them.

  • Men are more likely to have female friends that closely match their personality characteristics.

  • Men are more likely to dissolve friendships with women when they do not result in sex.

  • Men are more likely to become sexually attracted their female friends.

Explanation

Question 45 of 60

1

The idea that women view close relationships as a more central part of their identity is

Select one of the following:

  • consistent with the feminine mystique stereotype.

  • supported by research on the people-things dimension.

  • most related to differences in self-esteem.

  • related to sex differences in the agreeableness personality trait.

Explanation

Question 46 of 60

1

Fraternal twins Jack and Jill have been raised in the same environment. Jill aspires to become a clinical psychologist while Jack intends to be a mechanical engineer. Their career choices most likely are due to sex differences that are expressed by their scores on the ____________ dimension of personality.

Select one of the following:

  • people--things

  • openness to experience.

  • Machiavellianism.

  • need for achievement.

Explanation

Question 47 of 60

1

If we think of masculinity-femininity as a single-bipolar dimension

Select one of the following:

  • a person can be both masculine and feminine.

  • a person cannot score high on both masculinity and femininity.

  • a person must be more masculine or more feminine.

  • we must assume hormonal origins of these traits.

Explanation

Question 48 of 60

1

The _____________ dimension contains items related to assertiveness, dominance, and instrumentality.

Select one of the following:

  • people-things

  • sociosexuality

  • masculinity

  • femininity

Explanation

Question 49 of 60

1

The ______________ dimension contains items related to nurturance, empathy, and emotional expression.

Select one of the following:

  • people-things

  • sociosexuality

  • masculinity

  • femininity

Explanation

Question 50 of 60

1

Pat has a garage full of tools; loves to throw big dinner parties for friends; is very assertive at work; and likes to be self-sufficient. One often finds Pat working on his own or friends' cars. He will spend hours listening to friends' problems or nurturing students he tutors after work. Pat most likely scores toward the _____________ end of the Bem sex role inventory.

Select one of the following:

  • undifferentiated

  • androgyny

  • masculinity

  • femininity

Explanation

Question 51 of 60

1

Two-dimensional measures of gender have been criticized because

Select one of the following:

  • it is impossible to establish validity for 2 dimensions of personality simultaneously.

  • recent research suggests that masculinity--femininity is a single dimension.

  • there are so few androgynous people.

  • there are too many undifferentiated people.

Explanation

Question 52 of 60

1

Psychologist Janet Spence now views her measure of sex roles as more of a measure of

Select one of the following:

  • instrumentality and expressiveness.

  • people versus things.

  • gender stereotypes.

  • androgyny.

Explanation

Question 53 of 60

1

_______ refers to the traits involved with getting tasks completed in a direct, independent fashion, being self-sufficient, and working with others.

Select one of the following:

  • Tender-mindedness

  • Gender schema

  • Expressiveness

  • Instrumentality

Explanation

Question 54 of 60

1

Showing emotions, empathy, and nurturance is associated with the trait of

Select one of the following:

  • expressiveness.

  • instrumentality.

  • global self-esteem.

  • rumination.

Explanation

Question 55 of 60

1

The cognitive orientations that lead people to process info on the basis of sex-linked associations are known as

Select one of the following:

  • gender stereotypes.

  • gender schemata.

  • sex differences.

  • masculinity-femininity

Explanation

Question 56 of 60

1

Researchers who used to view androgyny as ideal now consider ______________, that is, not to use gender and sex-linkage at all in one's processing of social information, as best.

Select one of the following:

  • undifferentiated gender.

  • masculinity

  • femininity

  • gender-aschematic thinking

Explanation

Question 57 of 60

1

Thinking of men as either "dads" or "cads" is an example of

Select one of the following:

  • sex differences.

  • gender differences.

  • social categories.

  • social learning theory.

Explanation

Question 58 of 60

1

Which of the following is NOT a component of gender stereotypes?

Select one of the following:

  • Cognitive.

  • Affective.

  • Behavioral.

  • Perceptual.

Explanation

Question 59 of 60

1

Gender-based discrimination is an example of the __________________ component of gender stereotypes.

Select one of the following:

  • ccognitive

  • affective

  • behavioral

  • perceptual

Explanation

Question 60 of 60

1

Research on gender stereotypes:

Select one of the following:

  • consistently finds that men are seen as more instrumental.

  • consistently finds that men are seen as less instrumental.

  • consistently finds that men and women are seen as equally instrumental.

  • finds that they differ too much across cultures to make generalizations.

Explanation

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