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Quiz on Chapter 16 , created by x x on 30/06/2019.

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Chapter 16

Question 1 of 37

1

The known inter-cellular information systems are:

Select one of the following:

  • a) chemical and electrical;

  • b) mechanical, chemical, and electrical;

  • c) biochemical.

Explanation

Question 2 of 37

1

Of the following inter-cellular communication systems, which one is distributed throughout the entire organism?

Select one of the following:

  • a) the chemical;

  • b) the mechanical;

  • c) the electrical.

Explanation

Question 3 of 37

1

. The information carriers of the chemical inter-cellular communication are:

Select one of the following:

  • a) receptors;

  • b) signaling molecules;

  • c) synaptic cleft.

Explanation

Question 4 of 37

1

Endocrine system communication belongs to the class of:

;

Select one of the following:

  • a) mechanical inter-cellular communication;

  • b) chemical inter-cellular communication

  • c) electrical inter-cellular communication.

Explanation

Question 5 of 37

1

Which of the following functions is not characteristic for receptors?

Select one of the following:

  • a) secretion of signaling molecules;

  • b) activation of second messenger systems;

  • c) transmembrane signal transduction.

Explanation

Question 6 of 37

1

Membrane receptors are:

Select one of the following:

  • a) information signaling molecules;

  • b) vesicles filled with neurotransmitters;

  • c) element of the chemical information system of the body.

Explanation

Question 7 of 37

1

Are signaling molecules specific to given receptors?

Select one of the following:

  • a) not specific;

  • b) specific, but not uniquely specific;

  • c) they are uniquely specific.

Explanation

Question 8 of 37

1

Is it possible for a given receptor to interact with multiple different signaling molecules?

Select one of the following:

  • a) no, because a given receptor interacts only with one type of ligand;

  • b) yes, because any given receptor can interact with all ligands;

  • c) yes, a given receptor can interact with several signaling molecules, with similar structure.

Explanation

Question 9 of 37

1

Is it possible for a given type of signaling molecule to interact with multiple types of receptors?

Select one of the following:

  • a) not possible;

  • b) a given signaling molecule can activate all membrane receptors;

  • c) its common for a ligand to interact with several types of receptors.

Explanation

Question 10 of 37

1

What are the functions of second messengers?

Select one of the following:

  • a) they carry the information from receptors to cellular effectors or to cyclic cascades that amplify the signal;

  • b) they interact with first messengers (signaling molecules) in the extracellular fluid, and carry the information to receptors;

  • c) they interact with membrane receptors from the intracellular side and cause secondary activation of receptor proteins.

Explanation

Question 11 of 37

1

To decrease the inflow of extracellular information, cells use the following mechanism:

Select one of the following:

  • a) migration toward locations with smaller information inflow;

  • b) passing the information overflow to neighbouring cells;

  • c) decreasing the number of membrane receptors, responsible for the specific information.

Explanation

Question 12 of 37

1

Which of the following structures is an integral part of the chemical information system?

Select one of the following:

  • a) membrane receptors;

  • b) DNA molecules;

  • c) actin molecules.

Explanation

Question 13 of 37

1

Desensitisation of a receptor is the condition where:

Select one of the following:

  • a) the cell does not synthesise a sufficient number of given type of receptors;

  • b) activated receptors generate less than the usual number of second messengers;

  • c) there is a structural degradation of membrane receptors.

Explanation

Question 14 of 37

1

The principle of recognition between ligands and receptors is called:

Select one of the following:

  • a) complementarity;

  • b) bifocal;

  • c) positive-negative match;

Explanation

Question 15 of 37

1

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine activates:

Select one of the following:

  • a) nicotinic and muscarinic receptors;

  • b) nicotinic receptors;

  • c) muscarinic receptors.

Explanation

Question 16 of 37

1

Atropin is:

Select one of the following:

  • a) muscarinic agonist;

  • b) muscarinic antagonist;

  • c) nicotinic agonist.

Explanation

Question 17 of 37

1

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) function as:

Select one of the following:

  • a) ligand-gated Ca2+ ion pumps;

  • b) voltage-gated Na+ channels;

  • c) ligand-gated Na+ channels.

Explanation

Question 18 of 37

1

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) function as:

Select one of the following:

  • a) G-protein;

  • b) second messenger (intracellular);

  • c) first messenger (inter-cellular).

Explanation

Question 19 of 37

1

The second messenger molecule that opens calcium channels on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is:

Select one of the following:

  • a) inositol triphosphate (IP3);

  • b) diacylglycerol (DAG);

  • c) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

Explanation

Question 20 of 37

1

What is the function of the membrane receptors?

Select one of the following:

  • a) transduce information from extra- into intra-cellular space;

  • b) transfer protein molecules from extra- into intra-cellular space;

  • c) induce phase transitions in membrane lipid molecules.

Explanation

Question 21 of 37

1

Receptors are characterised with:

Select one of the following:

  • a) high-affinity, high-specificity, and reversible bonding to signaling molecules;

  • b) high-affinity, low-specificity, and reversible bonding to signaling molecules;

  • c) high-affinity, high-specificity, and irreversible bonding to signaling molecules.

Explanation

Question 22 of 37

1

Which of the following is a necessary condition for direct electrical communication between cells?

Select one of the following:

  • a) cells must be of the same type;

  • b) cells must be submerged in electrolyte solution;

  • c) cellular membranes must be connected.

Explanation

Question 23 of 37

1

Connexons (gap junctions) allow for:

Select one of the following:

  • a) electrical communication between cells;

  • b) chemical and electrical communication between cells;

  • c) chemical communications between cells.

Explanation

Question 24 of 37

1

Which of the following terms dos not refer to a type of inter-cellular communication?

Select one of the following:

  • a) paracrine;

  • b) autocrine;

  • c) endogenic.

Explanation

Question 25 of 37

1

Receptors are not:

Select one of the following:

  • a) membrane structures;

  • b) cytosol proteins;

  • c) extracellular structures.

Explanation

Question 26 of 37

1

Membrane receptors connected to G – proteins, are large proteins that cross the membrane lipid bilayer:

Select one of the following:

  • a) 7 times;

  • b) once;

  • c) different number times, depending on the receptor.

Explanation

Question 27 of 37

1

Upon activation by a ligand, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) will:

Select one of the following:

  • a) activate Ca2+ ion channels;

  • b) auto-phosphorylate and trigger cytosolic signaling cascade;

  • c) depolarise the membrane and cause action potential.

Explanation

Question 28 of 37

1

. Receptors of the cellular membrane are:

Select one of the following:

  • a) lipids or glycolipids;

  • b) proteins or glycoproteins;

  • c) polymeric carbohydrate.

Explanation

Question 29 of 37

1

Which of the following receptors do not get activated by acetylcholine?

Select one of the following:

  • a) muscarinic receptors;

  • b) nicotinic receptors;

  • c) tyrosine receptors.

Explanation

Question 30 of 37

1

Which of the following types of complementarity is not present between membrane receptors and ligand molecules?

Select one of the following:

  • a) spatial;

  • b) magnetic;

  • c) electric.

Explanation

Question 31 of 37

1

Can action potentials be used for inter-cellular signaling?

Select one of the following:

  • a) no, action potentials do not travel through the extracellular medium;

  • b) yes, all cells use action potentials for communications;

  • c) yes, some cell types use it (neurons, visceral smooth muscles, cardiac muscles).

Explanation

Question 32 of 37

1

When acetylcholine bonds to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor of the membrane of smooth muscles, the following ions are released into the cells:

Select one of the following:

  • a) sodium ions;

  • b) calcium ions;

  • c) potassium ions.

Explanation

Question 33 of 37

1

According to their interaction with the membrane, receptors are:

Select one of the following:

  • a) transmembrane (integral) proteins;

  • b) surface membrane (integral) proteins;

  • c) proteins diffusing through the membrane.

Explanation

Question 34 of 37

1

When acetylcholine bonds to a nicotinic cholinergic receptor, the following membrane channel is opened:

Select one of the following:

  • a) Na+ ion channel;

  • b) G-protein coupled channel;

  • c) Ca2+ ion channel.

Explanation

Question 35 of 37

1

Signaling molecules that bond to receptors are called:

Select one of the following:

  • a) first messenger or ligand;

  • b) second messenger;

  • c) cellular effector.

Explanation

Question 36 of 37

1

Which of the following functions is characteristic for the receptors:

Select one of the following:

  • a) they recognise the complimentary ligands but allow docking only when the cell needs the carried information;

  • b) upon recognition, they allow docking of the type of signaling molecules that are required by the current needs of the cell;

  • c) they interact with complimentary ligands on probabilistic principles (the higher the concentration the higher the chance of interaction).

Explanation

Question 37 of 37

1

What is the first process that follows the docking of a ligand to a receptor?

Select one of the following:

  • a) change of the conformation state of the ligand;

  • b) change of the conformational state of the receptor;

  • c) the receptor updating its status on facebook.

Explanation

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