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Chapter 16

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Question 1

Question
The known inter-cellular information systems are:
Answer
  • a) chemical and electrical;
  • b) mechanical, chemical, and electrical;
  • c) biochemical.

Question 2

Question
Of the following inter-cellular communication systems, which one is distributed throughout the entire organism?
Answer
  • a) the chemical;
  • b) the mechanical;
  • c) the electrical.

Question 3

Question
. The information carriers of the chemical inter-cellular communication are:
Answer
  • a) receptors;
  • b) signaling molecules;
  • c) synaptic cleft.

Question 4

Question
Endocrine system communication belongs to the class of: ;
Answer
  • a) mechanical inter-cellular communication;
  • b) chemical inter-cellular communication
  • c) electrical inter-cellular communication.

Question 5

Question
Which of the following functions is not characteristic for receptors?
Answer
  • a) secretion of signaling molecules;
  • b) activation of second messenger systems;
  • c) transmembrane signal transduction.

Question 6

Question
Membrane receptors are:
Answer
  • a) information signaling molecules;
  • b) vesicles filled with neurotransmitters;
  • c) element of the chemical information system of the body.

Question 7

Question
Are signaling molecules specific to given receptors?
Answer
  • a) not specific;
  • b) specific, but not uniquely specific;
  • c) they are uniquely specific.

Question 8

Question
Is it possible for a given receptor to interact with multiple different signaling molecules?
Answer
  • a) no, because a given receptor interacts only with one type of ligand;
  • b) yes, because any given receptor can interact with all ligands;
  • c) yes, a given receptor can interact with several signaling molecules, with similar structure.

Question 9

Question
Is it possible for a given type of signaling molecule to interact with multiple types of receptors?
Answer
  • a) not possible;
  • b) a given signaling molecule can activate all membrane receptors;
  • c) its common for a ligand to interact with several types of receptors.

Question 10

Question
What are the functions of second messengers?
Answer
  • a) they carry the information from receptors to cellular effectors or to cyclic cascades that amplify the signal;
  • b) they interact with first messengers (signaling molecules) in the extracellular fluid, and carry the information to receptors;
  • c) they interact with membrane receptors from the intracellular side and cause secondary activation of receptor proteins.

Question 11

Question
To decrease the inflow of extracellular information, cells use the following mechanism:
Answer
  • a) migration toward locations with smaller information inflow;
  • b) passing the information overflow to neighbouring cells;
  • c) decreasing the number of membrane receptors, responsible for the specific information.

Question 12

Question
Which of the following structures is an integral part of the chemical information system?
Answer
  • a) membrane receptors;
  • b) DNA molecules;
  • c) actin molecules.

Question 13

Question
Desensitisation of a receptor is the condition where:
Answer
  • a) the cell does not synthesise a sufficient number of given type of receptors;
  • b) activated receptors generate less than the usual number of second messengers;
  • c) there is a structural degradation of membrane receptors.

Question 14

Question
The principle of recognition between ligands and receptors is called:
Answer
  • a) complementarity;
  • b) bifocal;
  • c) positive-negative match;

Question 15

Question
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine activates:
Answer
  • a) nicotinic and muscarinic receptors;
  • b) nicotinic receptors;
  • c) muscarinic receptors.

Question 16

Question
Atropin is:
Answer
  • a) muscarinic agonist;
  • b) muscarinic antagonist;
  • c) nicotinic agonist.

Question 17

Question
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) function as:
Answer
  • a) ligand-gated Ca2+ ion pumps;
  • b) voltage-gated Na+ channels;
  • c) ligand-gated Na+ channels.

Question 18

Question
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) function as:
Answer
  • a) G-protein;
  • b) second messenger (intracellular);
  • c) first messenger (inter-cellular).

Question 19

Question
The second messenger molecule that opens calcium channels on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is:
Answer
  • a) inositol triphosphate (IP3);
  • b) diacylglycerol (DAG);
  • c) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).

Question 20

Question
What is the function of the membrane receptors?
Answer
  • a) transduce information from extra- into intra-cellular space;
  • b) transfer protein molecules from extra- into intra-cellular space;
  • c) induce phase transitions in membrane lipid molecules.

Question 21

Question
Receptors are characterised with:
Answer
  • a) high-affinity, high-specificity, and reversible bonding to signaling molecules;
  • b) high-affinity, low-specificity, and reversible bonding to signaling molecules;
  • c) high-affinity, high-specificity, and irreversible bonding to signaling molecules.

Question 22

Question
Which of the following is a necessary condition for direct electrical communication between cells?
Answer
  • a) cells must be of the same type;
  • b) cells must be submerged in electrolyte solution;
  • c) cellular membranes must be connected.

Question 23

Question
Connexons (gap junctions) allow for:
Answer
  • a) electrical communication between cells;
  • b) chemical and electrical communication between cells;
  • c) chemical communications between cells.

Question 24

Question
Which of the following terms dos not refer to a type of inter-cellular communication?
Answer
  • a) paracrine;
  • b) autocrine;
  • c) endogenic.

Question 25

Question
Receptors are not:
Answer
  • a) membrane structures;
  • b) cytosol proteins;
  • c) extracellular structures.

Question 26

Question
Membrane receptors connected to G – proteins, are large proteins that cross the membrane lipid bilayer:
Answer
  • a) 7 times;
  • b) once;
  • c) different number times, depending on the receptor.

Question 27

Question
Upon activation by a ligand, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) will:
Answer
  • a) activate Ca2+ ion channels;
  • b) auto-phosphorylate and trigger cytosolic signaling cascade;
  • c) depolarise the membrane and cause action potential.

Question 28

Question
. Receptors of the cellular membrane are:
Answer
  • a) lipids or glycolipids;
  • b) proteins or glycoproteins;
  • c) polymeric carbohydrate.

Question 29

Question
Which of the following receptors do not get activated by acetylcholine?
Answer
  • a) muscarinic receptors;
  • b) nicotinic receptors;
  • c) tyrosine receptors.

Question 30

Question
Which of the following types of complementarity is not present between membrane receptors and ligand molecules?
Answer
  • a) spatial;
  • b) magnetic;
  • c) electric.

Question 31

Question
Can action potentials be used for inter-cellular signaling?
Answer
  • a) no, action potentials do not travel through the extracellular medium;
  • b) yes, all cells use action potentials for communications;
  • c) yes, some cell types use it (neurons, visceral smooth muscles, cardiac muscles).

Question 32

Question
When acetylcholine bonds to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor of the membrane of smooth muscles, the following ions are released into the cells:
Answer
  • a) sodium ions;
  • b) calcium ions;
  • c) potassium ions.

Question 33

Question
According to their interaction with the membrane, receptors are:
Answer
  • a) transmembrane (integral) proteins;
  • b) surface membrane (integral) proteins;
  • c) proteins diffusing through the membrane.

Question 34

Question
When acetylcholine bonds to a nicotinic cholinergic receptor, the following membrane channel is opened:
Answer
  • a) Na+ ion channel;
  • b) G-protein coupled channel;
  • c) Ca2+ ion channel.

Question 35

Question
Signaling molecules that bond to receptors are called:
Answer
  • a) first messenger or ligand;
  • b) second messenger;
  • c) cellular effector.

Question 36

Question
Which of the following functions is characteristic for the receptors:
Answer
  • a) they recognise the complimentary ligands but allow docking only when the cell needs the carried information;
  • b) upon recognition, they allow docking of the type of signaling molecules that are required by the current needs of the cell;
  • c) they interact with complimentary ligands on probabilistic principles (the higher the concentration the higher the chance of interaction).

Question 37

Question
What is the first process that follows the docking of a ligand to a receptor?
Answer
  • a) change of the conformation state of the ligand;
  • b) change of the conformational state of the receptor;
  • c) the receptor updating its status on facebook.
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