MPusey
Quiz by , created more than 1 year ago

Quiz on Musculoskeletal Development , created by MPusey on 13/01/2015.

11
0
0
MPusey
Created by MPusey over 9 years ago
Close

Musculoskeletal Development

Question 1 of 56

1

Which of the following develop from somites?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Axial skeleton

  • Appendicular skeleton

  • Axial muscles

  • Appendicular muscles

Explanation

Question 2 of 56

1

What is found in the centre of the developing embryo?

Select one of the following:

  • Neural tube

  • Pairs of somites

  • Limb buds

  • Notochord

  • Sclerodome

Explanation

Question 3 of 56

1

Somites develop in pairs. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 4 of 56

1

From which end do the pairs of somites develop?

Select one of the following:

  • Caudal end

  • Rostral end

  • Superior end

  • Inferior end

Explanation

Question 5 of 56

1

What is somite development controlled by?

Select one of the following:

  • A chemical gradient

  • The mother's hormonal levels

  • Which genes a switched on or off in each cell

Explanation

Question 6 of 56

1

Somites account for only a small amount of our body mass after development. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 7 of 56

1

Which of the following are developed from the somites?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Dermatome

  • Myotome

  • Sclerotome

  • Syndetome

  • Heptatome

  • Angiotome

Explanation

Question 8 of 56

1

What does the skin develop from?

Select one of the following:

  • Dermatome

  • Myotome

  • Sclerotome

  • Syndetome

Explanation

Question 9 of 56

1

What does muscle develop from?

Select one of the following:

  • Myotome

  • Dermatome

  • Scleratome

  • Syndetome

Explanation

Question 10 of 56

1

What does bone develop from?

Select one of the following:

  • Sclerotome

  • Dermatome

  • Myotome

  • Syndetome

Explanation

Question 11 of 56

1

What do ligaments and tendons develop from?

Select one of the following:

  • Syndetome

  • Dermatome

  • Myotome

  • Scleratome

Explanation

Question 12 of 56

1

What do somites induce?

Select one of the following:

  • Spinal nerve formation

  • Cranial nerve formation

  • Afferent neurone formation

  • Efferent neurone formation

Explanation

Question 13 of 56

1

How are vertebrae formed from the somites?

Select one of the following:

  • From the caudal end of one somite and the cranial end of another

  • One somite goes onto create one vertebra

  • Two somites fuse across the neural tube to form a vertebral bone

  • Somites do not go onto form vertebrae

Explanation

Question 14 of 56

1

Which part of the somite is split into two by the development of the spinal nerve?

Select one of the following:

  • Scleratome

  • Myotome

  • Dermatome

  • Syndetome

Explanation

Question 15 of 56

1

The scleratome of the first five somites goes onto create which bone?

Select one of the following:

  • Occipital bone

  • Frontal bone

  • Temporal bone

  • Sphenoid bone

  • Parietal bone

Explanation

Question 16 of 56

1

The scleratome converges around the neural tube. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 17 of 56

1

If the scleratome does not converge around the spinal cord completely what condition will the child have?

Select one of the following:

  • Spina bifida

  • Pattau's syndrome

  • Scoliosis

  • Brevicollis

  • Kyphosis

Explanation

Question 18 of 56

1

Where in the developing embryo will the notochord be found?

Select one of the following:

  • In the neural tube

  • Between the first and second somites

  • In the scleratome

  • In the developing spinal nerves

Explanation

Question 19 of 56

1

Most of the notochord is removed during development, but it remains in one place. Where does it remain?

Select one of the following:

  • Nucleus pulposis of the intervertebral disc

  • Annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc

  • In the dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerves

  • In the lining of the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord

Explanation

Question 20 of 56

1

What is scoliosis?

Select one of the following:

  • Lateral curvature of the spine

  • Reduced number of cervical vertebrae

  • Reduced number of thoracic vertebrae

  • Dorsal displacement of the spine

Explanation

Question 21 of 56

1

What is brevicollis?

Select one of the following:

  • Reduced number of cervical vertebrae

  • Reduced number of thoracic vertebrae

  • Lumbar vertebrae of abnormally small size

  • Absence of a sacral bone

Explanation

Question 22 of 56

1

What do limb buds develop from?

Select one of the following:

  • Lateral mesoderm and over-lying ectoderm

  • Medical mesoderm and ectoderm

  • Mesoderm and the ectoderm that is deep to it

  • Mesoderm only

Explanation

Question 23 of 56

1

What are limb buds controlled by?

Select one of the following:

  • HOX genes

  • House-keeping genes

  • Chemical gradients

  • Somites

Explanation

Question 24 of 56

1

What develops from the limb buds?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Appendicular skeleton

  • Appendicular muscles

  • Axial skeleton

  • Axial muscles

Explanation

Question 25 of 56

1

What are the three stages in limb bud development?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Initiation

  • Limb bud patterning

  • Digit patterning and sculpting

  • Elongation

  • Sclerotome division

Explanation

Question 26 of 56

1

During limb bud patterning of the upper limb, which bone will develop first?

Select one of the following:

  • Carpals

  • Ulna

  • Humerus

  • Scapula

Explanation

Question 27 of 56

1

What does digit patterning involve?

Select one of the following:

  • Apoptosis of cells at the end of the limb bud

  • Coordinated outgrowth of cells to form digits

  • Necrosis of webbing between the newly developed digits

Explanation

Question 28 of 56

1

What are the names of the two signalling centres on the limb buds?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

  • Zone of polarising activity (ZPA)

  • Basal mesodermal dome (BMD)

  • Sclerotome signalling centre (SSC)

Explanation

Question 29 of 56

1

Which of the following is produced by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?

Select one of the following:

  • FGF8

  • SHH

  • Sonic hedgehog

Explanation

Question 30 of 56

1

What is the function of the signalling molecules produced by the AER and the ZPA?

Select one of the following:

  • Ensure the correct bones develop in the correct place

  • Ensure that apoptosis occurs where it is needed to

  • Ensure that the limb bud reaches it's full length

  • Ensure that any mutated cells are destroyed

  • Ensure that the limb bud develops in the correct direction by creating a chemical gradient

Explanation

Question 31 of 56

1

What is the function of FGF8 from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?

Select one of the following:

  • Maintain proliferation in the progress zone

  • Prevent cell division anywhere other than the progress zone

  • Turn of proliferation in the progress zone when new cells are no longer required

Explanation

Question 32 of 56

1

What chemical signal controls the apoptosis that creates the fingers and the toes?

Select one of the following:

  • BMP

  • SHH

  • FGF8

  • Sonic hedgehog

Explanation

Question 33 of 56

1

What will occur when apoptosis of the end of the limb bud does not occur?

Select one of the following:

  • Syndactayly

  • Meromelia

  • Cleft hand or foot

Explanation

Question 34 of 56

1

What condition is BMP related to where the receptors are activated when BMP is not present?

Select one of the following:

  • Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

  • Osteoarthritis

  • Rheumatoid arthritis

  • Ankalyosis spondylitis

Explanation

Question 35 of 56

1

What happens in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressivia?

Select one of the following:

  • Tissues become progressively ossified when they shouldn't be

  • The ossification of tissues is progressively broken down

  • The body has an inflammatory reaction to tissue that are ossified

Explanation

Question 36 of 56

1

What is amelia?

Select one of the following:

  • The congenital absence of one or more limbs

  • The congenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs but with the presence of a hand or foot

  • A congenital deformity in which the hand or feet are closely attached to the torso with the limbs being under-developed

Explanation

Question 37 of 56

1

What is meromelia?

Select one of the following:

  • Congenital absence of one or more limbs

  • Congenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs but with the presence of a hand or foot

  • A congenital deformity in which the hands or feet are closely attached to the torso, with the limbs being under-developed

Explanation

Question 38 of 56

1

What is phocomelia?

Select one of the following:

  • A congenital deformity in which the hands or feet are closely attached to the torso, with the limbs being under-developed

  • The congenital absence of one or more limbs

  • The congenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs, but with the presence of a hand or foot

Explanation

Question 39 of 56

1

What drug is famously known to cause amelia, meromelia and phocomelia?

Select one of the following:

  • Thalidomide

  • Methotrexate

  • Dexamethosone

  • Enalapril

  • Aspirin

Explanation

Question 40 of 56

1

What is ectrodactyly?

Select one of the following:

  • Congenital absence of part or all of one or more fingers or toes

  • A condition in which a person has more than five fingers or toes on one, or each, of their hands or feet

  • A condition of having some or all of the fingers or toes partly or wholly united

Explanation

Question 41 of 56

1

All the normal elements of a limb are present in club foot or club hand. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 42 of 56

1

Why are the dermatomes in an adult human rotated?

Select one of the following:

  • Because of limb rotation that occurs during development

  • Because of limb rotation that occurs after birth

  • Because we a bipedal, not quadrupedal

  • Because the spinal nerve rotate during development

Explanation

Question 43 of 56

1

What condition affects one dermatome of skin?

Select one of the following:

  • Shingles

  • Menigitis

  • Pityriasis rosea

  • Bell's palsy

  • Chicken pox

Explanation

Question 44 of 56

1

Why does shingles only affect one dermatome?

Select one of the following:

  • Because the virus travels down one spinal nerve only

  • Because the immune cells in this area of skin have been destroyed

  • Because the virus is only present on the skin in this dermatome

Explanation

Question 45 of 56

1

What does the myotome go onto form?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Epimere

  • Hypomere

  • Ectomere

  • Mesomere

  • Hypermere

Explanation

Question 46 of 56

1

The limb muscles develop from the...?

Select one of the following:

  • Hypomere

  • Epimere

  • Hypermere

  • Ectomere

  • Mesomere

Explanation

Question 47 of 56

1

What does the epimere develop into?

Select one of the following:

  • Dorsal muscles - i.e. muscles of the back

  • Limb muscles - i.e. flexors and extensors

  • Ventral muscles - i.e everything but the muscles of the back

Explanation

Question 48 of 56

1

Which of the following is bigger?

Select one of the following:

  • Hypomere

  • Epimere

Explanation

Question 49 of 56

1

What goes onto supplies the muscles formed from the epimere?

Select one of the following:

  • Dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve

  • Ventral ramus of the spinal nerve

  • Sympathetic chain

  • Cranial nerves IX - XI

Explanation

Question 50 of 56

1

What controls somite division?

Select one of the following:

  • Signalling molecules produced by adjacent tissues

  • Signalling molecules produced by the neural tube

  • Signalling molecule produces by the notocord

  • Signalling molecules in the embryonic fluid

  • Hormones produced by the mother

Explanation

Question 51 of 56

1

What do myogenic factors do?

Select one of the following:

  • Drive skeletal muscle-specific differentiation

  • Create a chemical gradient to direct muscle growth in the correct direction

  • Prevent abnormal muscle growth

Explanation

Question 52 of 56

1

Myogenic factors remain present after development. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 53 of 56

1

What is the function of myogenic factors after development?

Select one of the following:

  • Set aside stem cells for muscle repair

  • Prevent abnormal muscle growth

  • Prevent striation from being lost from the skeletal muscle

Explanation

Question 54 of 56

1

Signalling molecule BMP is also important in the attachment of the syndetome to bone and muscle so it can form tendons. True or false?

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 55 of 56

1

What are the name of the stem cells within mature skeletal muscle?

Select one of the following:

  • Satellite cells

  • Basal cells

  • Myogenic repair cells

Explanation

Question 56 of 56

1

What neurotransmitter is present at the neuromuscular junction?

Select one of the following:

  • Acetylcholine

  • Dopamine

  • Noradrenaline

  • GABA

Explanation

Previous
Next