Quiz
Musculoskeletal Development
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Questions in this quiz (56)
1Which of the following develop from somites?
- AAxial skeleton
- BAppendicular skeleton
- CAxial muscles
- DAppendicular muscles
2What is found in the centre of the developing embryo?
- ANeural tube
- BPairs of somites
- CLimb buds
- DNotochord
- ESclerodome
3Somites develop in pairs. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
4From which end do the pairs of somites develop?
- ACaudal end
- BRostral end
- CSuperior end
- DInferior end
5What is somite development controlled by?
- AA chemical gradient
- BThe mother's hormonal levels
- CWhich genes a switched on or off in each cell
6Somites account for only a small amount of our body mass after development. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
7Which of the following are developed from the somites?
- ADermatome
- BMyotome
- CSclerotome
- DSyndetome
- EHeptatome
- FAngiotome
8What does the skin develop from?
- ADermatome
- BMyotome
- CSclerotome
- DSyndetome
9What does muscle develop from?
- AMyotome
- BDermatome
- CScleratome
- DSyndetome
10What does bone develop from?
- ASclerotome
- BDermatome
- CMyotome
- DSyndetome
11What do ligaments and tendons develop from?
- ASyndetome
- BDermatome
- CMyotome
- DScleratome
12What do somites induce?
- ASpinal nerve formation
- BCranial nerve formation
- CAfferent neurone formation
- DEfferent neurone formation
13How are vertebrae formed from the somites?
- AFrom the caudal end of one somite and the cranial end of another
- BOne somite goes onto create one vertebra
- CTwo somites fuse across the neural tube to form a vertebral bone
- DSomites do not go onto form vertebrae
14Which part of the somite is split into two by the development of the spinal nerve?
- AScleratome
- BMyotome
- CDermatome
- DSyndetome
15The scleratome of the first five somites goes onto create which bone?
- AOccipital bone
- BFrontal bone
- CTemporal bone
- DSphenoid bone
- EParietal bone
16The scleratome converges around the neural tube. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
17If the scleratome does not converge around the spinal cord completely what condition will the child have?
- ASpina bifida
- BPattau's syndrome
- CScoliosis
- DBrevicollis
- EKyphosis
18Where in the developing embryo will the notochord be found?
- AIn the neural tube
- BBetween the first and second somites
- CIn the scleratome
- DIn the developing spinal nerves
19Most of the notochord is removed during development, but it remains in one place. Where does it remain?
- ANucleus pulposis of the intervertebral disc
- BAnnulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc
- CIn the dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerves
- DIn the lining of the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord
20What is scoliosis?
- ALateral curvature of the spine
- BReduced number of cervical vertebrae
- CReduced number of thoracic vertebrae
- DDorsal displacement of the spine
21What is brevicollis?
- AReduced number of cervical vertebrae
- BReduced number of thoracic vertebrae
- CLumbar vertebrae of abnormally small size
- DAbsence of a sacral bone
22What do limb buds develop from?
- ALateral mesoderm and over-lying ectoderm
- BMedical mesoderm and ectoderm
- CMesoderm and the ectoderm that is deep to it
- DMesoderm only
23What are limb buds controlled by?
- AHOX genes
- BHouse-keeping genes
- CChemical gradients
- DSomites
24What develops from the limb buds?
- AAppendicular skeleton
- BAppendicular muscles
- CAxial skeleton
- DAxial muscles
25What are the three stages in limb bud development?
- AInitiation
- BLimb bud patterning
- CDigit patterning and sculpting
- DElongation
- ESclerotome division
26During limb bud patterning of the upper limb, which bone will develop first?
- ACarpals
- BUlna
- CHumerus
- DScapula
27What does digit patterning involve?
- AApoptosis of cells at the end of the limb bud
- BCoordinated outgrowth of cells to form digits
- CNecrosis of webbing between the newly developed digits
28What are the names of the two signalling centres on the limb buds?
- AApical ectodermal ridge (AER)
- BZone of polarising activity (ZPA)
- CBasal mesodermal dome (BMD)
- DSclerotome signalling centre (SSC)
29Which of the following is produced by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?
- AFGF8
- BSHH
- CSonic hedgehog
30What is the function of the signalling molecules produced by the AER and the ZPA?
- AEnsure the correct bones develop in the correct place
- BEnsure that apoptosis occurs where it is needed to
- CEnsure that the limb bud reaches it's full length
- DEnsure that any mutated cells are destroyed
- EEnsure that the limb bud develops in the correct direction by creating a chemical gradient
31What is the function of FGF8 from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)?
- AMaintain proliferation in the progress zone
- BPrevent cell division anywhere other than the progress zone
- CTurn of proliferation in the progress zone when new cells are no longer required
32What chemical signal controls the apoptosis that creates the fingers and the toes?
- ABMP
- BSHH
- CFGF8
- DSonic hedgehog
33What will occur when apoptosis of the end of the limb bud does not occur?
- ASyndactayly
- BMeromelia
- CCleft hand or foot
34What condition is BMP related to where the receptors are activated when BMP is not present?
- AFibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
- BOsteoarthritis
- CRheumatoid arthritis
- DAnkalyosis spondylitis
35What happens in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressivia?
- ATissues become progressively ossified when they shouldn't be
- BThe ossification of tissues is progressively broken down
- CThe body has an inflammatory reaction to tissue that are ossified
36What is amelia?
- AThe congenital absence of one or more limbs
- BThe congenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs but with the presence of a hand or foot
- CA congenital deformity in which the hand or feet are closely attached to the torso with the limbs being under-developed
37What is meromelia?
- ACongenital absence of one or more limbs
- BCongenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs but with the presence of a hand or foot
- CA congenital deformity in which the hands or feet are closely attached to the torso, with the limbs being under-developed
38What is phocomelia?
- AA congenital deformity in which the hands or feet are closely attached to the torso, with the limbs being under-developed
- BThe congenital absence of one or more limbs
- CThe congenital absence of a part, but not all, of one or more limbs, but with the presence of a hand or foot
39What drug is famously known to cause amelia, meromelia and phocomelia?
- AThalidomide
- BMethotrexate
- CDexamethosone
- DEnalapril
- EAspirin
40What is ectrodactyly?
- ACongenital absence of part or all of one or more fingers or toes
- BA condition in which a person has more than five fingers or toes on one, or each, of their hands or feet
- CA condition of having some or all of the fingers or toes partly or wholly united
41All the normal elements of a limb are present in club foot or club hand. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
42Why are the dermatomes in an adult human rotated?
- ABecause of limb rotation that occurs during development
- BBecause of limb rotation that occurs after birth
- CBecause we a bipedal, not quadrupedal
- DBecause the spinal nerve rotate during development
43What condition affects one dermatome of skin?
- AShingles
- BMenigitis
- CPityriasis rosea
- DBell's palsy
- EChicken pox
44Why does shingles only affect one dermatome?
- ABecause the virus travels down one spinal nerve only
- BBecause the immune cells in this area of skin have been destroyed
- CBecause the virus is only present on the skin in this dermatome
45What does the myotome go onto form?
- AEpimere
- BHypomere
- CEctomere
- DMesomere
- EHypermere
46The limb muscles develop from the...?
- AHypomere
- BEpimere
- CHypermere
- DEctomere
- EMesomere
47What does the epimere develop into?
- ADorsal muscles - i.e. muscles of the back
- BLimb muscles - i.e. flexors and extensors
- CVentral muscles - i.e everything but the muscles of the back
48Which of the following is bigger?
- AHypomere
- BEpimere
49What goes onto supplies the muscles formed from the epimere?
- ADorsal ramus of the spinal nerve
- BVentral ramus of the spinal nerve
- CSympathetic chain
- DCranial nerves IX - XI
50What controls somite division?
- ASignalling molecules produced by adjacent tissues
- BSignalling molecules produced by the neural tube
- CSignalling molecule produces by the notocord
- DSignalling molecules in the embryonic fluid
- EHormones produced by the mother
51What do myogenic factors do?
- ADrive skeletal muscle-specific differentiation
- BCreate a chemical gradient to direct muscle growth in the correct direction
- CPrevent abnormal muscle growth
52Myogenic factors remain present after development. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
53What is the function of myogenic factors after development?
- ASet aside stem cells for muscle repair
- BPrevent abnormal muscle growth
- CPrevent striation from being lost from the skeletal muscle
54Signalling molecule BMP is also important in the attachment of the syndetome to bone and muscle so it can form tendons. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
55What are the name of the stem cells within mature skeletal muscle?
- ASatellite cells
- BBasal cells
- CMyogenic repair cells
56What neurotransmitter is present at the neuromuscular junction?
- AAcetylcholine
- BDopamine
- CNoradrenaline
- DGABA
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- Quiz on Musculoskeletal Development , created by MPusey on 13/01/2015.
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- MPusey
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- English
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