A. Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas (Basically Continuities Overtime)
1) Popular Sovereignty
- In the Enlightenment, people began questioning the notions of sovereignty but rarely challenged monarchy
- Instead to make Kings responsible to the subjects
- Thinkers regarded government as a contract b/w rulers and subjects
* John Locke suggests that the government needed consent from those it governed soo... if they didn't like those who governed, they can just take kick them out
0 Locke's way of thought relocated the sovereignty from the rulers to the people
2) Individual Freedom
* Voltaire- resented the persecution of religious minorities and censorship of royal officials who stopped hersey in writing through the prevention of certain publications
- Philosophies called for religious toleration and freedom of expression
- When censored, books would be printed in French-speaking printers in Switzerland or Netherlands who then would smuggle the books across the border to France
3) Political and Legal Equality
- Enlightenment thinkers called for equality and recommended that all citizens be equal under the law
* Jean Jacques Rousseau- (1712-1778)
0 French-swiss thinker who was the most prominent advocate for political equality
0 He identified with the working class and resented how the elite were luxiourious without doing any hard work
0 Created book called The Social Contract which argued like Locke that the society as a whole were technically the sovereign
0 Believed that general will would be the government if no elite or monarch
- Enlightenment thinker were usually commoners and though they wanted govnt to have less power, they didn't really see themselves sharing equal right with women or children regardless of color or race
4) Global Influence of Enlightenment Values
- Enlightenment ideas readily adopted to serve as a justification in their efforts to shut down their long living political and social structures
- Ideas spread when social reformers claimed rights previously denied to them by rulers
- Mainly used by privileged Euro and Euro-American but also other minor groups

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5th Period. Deals with all the crazy revolutions going on and what led to them.