-lamide

-mab

-mycin

-azole

-olol

-olone

-onide

-parin

-pramine

pred-

-pril

-sartan

-semide

-setron

-statin

sulfa-

-tadine

-terol

-thiazide

-tinib

-trel

-triptan

-tyline

-vudine

-zepam

-zolam

-zosin

"-caine"

"-coxib"

"-dipine"

"-dronate"

"-fungin"

"-gliptin"

"-glitazone"

"-grel"

"-olol"

"-ilol" or "-alol"

"-mab"

"-onium" or "-urium"

"-osin"

"-oxacin"

"-parin"

"-prazole"

"-penem"

"-pril" or "-prilat"

"-sartan"

"-statin"

"-teplase"

Type 1 dose response curves are ___________, and useful for determining characteristics of _____________ and ____________.

The maximal effect of a drug

The effect of a drug as a function of level of binding to its receptor

-The attractiveness of a drug to its receptor
-Measured by the dissociation constant, Kd

The lower the Kd, the [lower/higher] the affinity

-The response to a drug over a given range of concentrations
-Measured by the effective concentration of the drug leading to its half maximal effect, EC50

The effective concentration of a drug leading to its half maximal effect

-These type of drugs have intrinsic activity
-They elicit a response from the tissue

These type of drugs have no intrinsic activity
They do not elicit a "graded response" alone

The y-axis of a Type 1 graded dose response curve

Type 2 Dose Response Curve

Y axis of Type 2 Dose Response curve

Therapeutic index

Weak acids tend to concentrate in areas of low/high pH

Weak bases tend to concentrate in areas of low/high pH

Weak acids are excreted more rapidly at lower/higher pH because they are concentrated in the ____________ of the kidney tubule

A drug made active by metabolism

Phase reaction of drug metabolism involving oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Phase reaction of drug metabolism involving conjugation, in which a substituent is added to a drug. The most common type is glucuronide conjugation.

Most metabolism of drugs occurs in the ________, and can be microsomal or nonmicrosomal.

Three types of excretion in the kidney

k * t1/2
First order Rate constant * half time

Cp0 * Vd
Concentration in plasma at time 0 * volume of distribution

k * Vd
First order rate constant * volume of distribution

If the same mg of a drug are eliminated every hour, independent of the concentration, this is ________ order kinetics

If the same fraction of a drug is eliminated every hour which Is proportional to the drug's concentration, this is _______ order kinetics

-Transporter responsible for reducing a drug's accumulation
-Found in the liver

-Enzyme in liver that does metabolism
-microsomal

Induction/inhibition of metabolism is a reaction to certain drugs by which the # of liver cytochrome enzymes increases, resulting in an increase/decrease in effect of other drug

Induction/inhibition of metabolism is a reaction to certain drugs by which one drug either competes for metabolism of another or directly inhibits metabolizing enzymes

The rate of metabolism is dictated by the ________________ isozyme profile of the patient

An adverse effect that occurs within the therapeutic Dose range of the drug

-An adverse drug reaction that is due to a genetic change usually involving a change in enzyme activity
-occur rarely in population
-could be an allergy or sensitivity

If a pt is taking itroconazole (anti fungal), clarithromycin (abx for skin and respiratory system), or a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor , what dental drugs could interact?

If a pt isn't taking antacids, what dental drug might be affected?

If a pt is taking anticoagulants (Heparin, warfarin), what dental drug should be used with caution?

If a pt is taking probenecid (reduces Uric acid with gout), what dental drug can decrease the effect of Probenecid?

If a person is taking methotrexate (immunosuppressive drug for cancer, arthritis, or psoriasis), what dental drug could cause increased methotrexate toxicity?

If a person is a chronic alcoholic, which dental drug could cause increased liver toxicity?

if a pt is taking cholinesterase inhibitors (these inhibit breakdown of ACh, thereby increasing neuromuscular transmission for myasthenia gravis), what dental drug should be used with caution?

The rate of drug metabolism can vary greatly, depending on the _______________ isozyme profile of the pt.

If a pt has a genetic condition of *NADH-methemoglobin reductase deficiency*, which 2 anesthetics do you want to avoid that could cause methemoglobinemia?

If a pt has a genetic condition of *G6P dehydrogenase deficiency*, which 3 drugs do you want to avoid that could cause a response of hemolytic anemia?

If a pt has a genetic condition of *abnormal heme synthesis*, which drugs do you want to avoid that could induce porphyria (build-up of red blood cell proteins)?

If a pt has a genetic condition of *low plasma cholinesterase activity*, which anesthetic do you want to avoid which could cause local anesthetic toxicity?

If a pt has a genetic condition of *altered muscle calcium homeostasis*, which type of anesthetics (2) do you want to avoid which could cause malignant hyperthermia?

If a pt has a *prolonged Q-T interval* genetic condition, which 2 classes of drugs do you want to avoid which could cause "Torsades de pointes" (tachycardia)?

Drug testing phase (I-IV) that uses normal volunteers, and assess safety and pharmacokinetics.

Drug testing phase (I-IV) that uses patients who could benefit from the drug. Assesses *clinical efficacy*, pharmacokinetics, and safety.

Drug testing phase (I-IV) that uses a larger # of pts, involving several medical centers. Safety and clinical efficacy are assessed.

Drug testing phase (I-IV) that is post-marketing surveillance. Safety, patterns of use, and new indications are assessed.

What are the risk categories of drugs with pregnancy, from the safest to the most risk for fetuses?