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Flashcards by ACAPUN INSTITUTE, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ACAPUN INSTITUTE
almost 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| -lamide | carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide, methazolamide Used to treat epilepsy, glaucoma, and altitude sickness |
| -mab | monoclonal antibody adalimumab, omalizumab A type of immunotherapy where antibodies are developed to attack a specific antigen. Frequently used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and transplant rejection. |
| -mycin | Macrolide antibiotic azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin Mostly work on Gram-positive bacteria. Macrolide antibiotics prevent bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the *50S ribosomal subunit* |
| -azole | antifungal fluconazole, ketoconazole Azole antifungals inhibit the enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol, which is necessary for a functional fungal membrane. |
| -olol | β-blockers atenolol, metoprolol, propanolol Used to treat cardiac arrythmias and hypertension. |
| -olone | corticosteroid fluocinolone, prednisolone, triamcinolone Reduces inflammation and immune response |
| -onide | corticosteroid fluocinonide Anti-inflammatory agents |
| -parin | anticoagulant heparin, tinzaparin, enoxaparin Treats DVT, pulmonary embolism, and unstable angina. Prevents clotting by *inhibiting Factor Xa* in the clotting cascade |
| -pramine | tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) clomipramine, imipramine, trimipramine Early antidepressant drugs that are now mostly replaced by newer drugs like SSRIs, SNRIs, and NRIs that have an improved side effect profile. |
| pred- | corticosteroid prednisone, prednisolone Immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat many autoimmune diseases |
| -pril | ACE inhibitor captopril, lisinopril Antihypertensives that lower BP by reducing the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. |
| -sartan | angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan, valsartan Treats HTN and CHF by reducing activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. |
| -semide | loop diuretic furosemide, torsemide Treats HTN and edema due to CHF or renal insufficiency. These drugs inhibit Na+, Cl-, and K+ reabsorption at the loop of Henle, resulting in more elimination of water by the kidney. Indicated for patients with impaired kidney function |
| -setron | serotonin (5-HT3) antagonist odansetron, dolasetron 5-HT3 antagonist drugs are antiemetics used to prevent nausea and vomiting, particularly after chemotherapy. |
| -statin | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Statins) atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin Statins are lipid-lowering drugs that work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, which is necessary for cholesterol synthesis. *Statins must not be taken with grapefruit juice, which inhibits CYP enzymes required to activate the drug* |
| sulfa- | sulfonamide antibiotic sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole Contraindicated for use in patients allergic to sulfa drugs |
| -tadine | Anti-influenza A medication amantadine, rimantadine Inhibit influenza's viral replication by preventing uncoating of the virus' envelope and capsid. |
| -terol | bronchodilator (β-agonist) albuterol, formoterol, levalbuterol Treat asthma and COPD by stimulating β2 receptors, resulting in relaxation of bronchioles. |
| -thiazide | thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide Drugs used to treat HTN and edema (usually caused by heart, liver, or kidney failure). Thiazide diuretics prevent reabsorption of Na+ at the distal convoluted tubule, thereby increasing water excretion. *Works best for patients with normal kidney function* (loop diuretics are indicated for patients with impaired kidney function) |
| -tinib | antineoplastic (kinase inhibitor) crizotinib, gefitinib, imatinib Used to treat cancer. Work by inhibiting protein kinases, which are used by cells to phosphorylate proteins to activate them. |
| -trel | progestin (synthetic female hormones) desogestrel, etonogestrel, levnorgestrel Used for hormonal contraceptives |
| -triptan | Anti-migraine drugs (selective 5-HT receptor agonist) almotriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan Triptan drugs treat acute migraines after initial onset |
| -tyline | tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline Older drugs used to treat depression and mood disorders. Not really used much anymore because newer drugs have fewer side effects. |
| -vudine | nucleoside analog antiviral lamivudine, savudine, zidovudine Antiviral drugs used to treat hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, and HIV. zidovudine = AZT |
| -zepam | benzodiazepine clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, temazepam BZDs are have sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and amnesic actions. Frequently used to treat anxiety. |
| -zolam | benzodiazepine alprazolam (xanax), midazolam, triazolam Anti-anxiety meds |
| -zosin | alpha blocker doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin Used to treat prostatic hyperplasia, hypertension, and PTSD. |
| "-caine" | local anesthetic |
| "-coxib" | cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors (eg, celecoxib)...inhibit inflammation and pain, different than NSAIDs which block COX-1 AND COX-2, common for arthritis |
| "-dipine" | dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (eg, nifedipine)...these relax the muscles of heart and blood vessels, treating angina and hypertension, think "pine tree"=relaxed, de-stressed |
| "-dronate" | bisphosphonate (eg, alendronate, Fosamax)...treats osteoporosis or Paget's Disease, could cause bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw, think about an old woman with osteoporosis flying a drone |
| "-fungin" | glucan synthesis inhibitor, antifungal (eg, caspofungin)...can treat a candida infection in the blood |
| "-gliptin" | dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor drug for type 2 diabetes (eg, sitagliptin)...lowers blood sugar, think about a diabetic patient drinking LIPTON sugary tea and needing this drug |
| "-glitazone" | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) activator for type 2 diabetes (eg pioglitazone), think about a diabetic patient eating a calZONE and needing this drug |
| "-grel" | P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor in platelets (eg, clopidogrel, Plavix) -prevents heart attack and stroke, makes patients more susceptible to bleeding and bruising -think "grel"="gel". this is an anti-gel for platelets. |
| "-olol" | beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (eg, propranolol) -treats arrythmia, protects heart from second heart attack, treats hypertension -"olol" looks like two backwards b's for beta-blocker |
| "-ilol" or "-alol" | beta-adrenergic receptor blocker that also blocks alpha-1-adrenergic receptors (eg, carvedilol)....by blocking the alpha-1 receptors, it causes vasodilation of skin/brain vessels |
| "-mab" | monoclonal antibodies (eg, infliximab) -works against TNF-alpha (part of immune reaction) to treat autoimmune diseases -can treat rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, plaque psoriasis, and ulcerative colitis. |
| "-onium" or "-urium" | quaternary ammonium compounds, usually competitive, peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxers (eg, pancuronium) -binds nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at neuromuscular junction which prevents acetylocholine from binding |
| "-osin" | alpha-1-adrenergic receptor blockers (eg, prazosin) -vasodilation of skin and GI tract smooth muscle -think of a devil "sinning" by being lazy and laying on the couch digesting a bag of Doritos |
| "-oxacin" | fluoroquinolone antibacterial (eg, moxifloxacin) -may treat pneumonia, sinusitis -think of an "ox" that has pneumonia |
| "-parin" | heparin or low molecular weight heparin (eg, tinzaparin) -treats deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism |
| "-prazole" | proton pump inhibitor (eg, esomeprazole) -"omeprazole"= Omesec, Prilosec -treats heartburn, damaged esophagus, stomach ulcers, gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD) -think "get a prize" for not having heartburn |
| "-penem" | carbapenem beta-lactam antibacterial (eg, ertapenem) -treats pneumonia and urinary tract, skin, diabetic foot, gynecological, pelvic, and abdominal infections that are caused by bacteria -"penem" sounds like "PNEUMonia" |
| "-pril" or "-prilat" | angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, captopril) -can treat high blood pressure and heart failure -think "ACE", play cards in A*pril* |
| "-sartan" | angiotensin II receptor blockers (eg, losartan) -treats high blood pressure -think "sartan"="satan"= gives you high BP |
| "-statin" | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor antilipid drugs (eg, lovastatin) -reduces levels of cholesterol |
| "-teplase" | Cell surface receptor types |
| Type 1 dose response curves are ___________, and useful for determining characteristics of _____________ and ____________. | Graded, agonists, antagonists |
| The maximal effect of a drug | Intrinsic activity |
| The effect of a drug as a function of level of binding to its receptor | Efficacy |
| -The attractiveness of a drug to its receptor -Measured by the dissociation constant, Kd | Affinity |
| The lower the Kd, the [lower/higher] the affinity | Higher |
| -The response to a drug over a given range of concentrations -Measured by the effective concentration of the drug leading to its half maximal effect, EC50 | Potency |
| The effective concentration of a drug leading to its half maximal effect | EC50 |
| -These type of drugs have intrinsic activity -They elicit a response from the tissue | Agonists |
| These type of drugs have no intrinsic activity They do not elicit a "graded response" alone | Antagonists |
| The y-axis of a Type 1 graded dose response curve | Graded response % |
| Type 2 Dose Response Curve | Quantal |
| Y axis of Type 2 Dose Response curve | Quantity of subjects responding to a drug |
| Therapeutic index | Ld50/Ed50 An estimate of the margin of safety for a drug |
| Weak acids tend to concentrate in areas of low/high pH | High pH Think weak acid, strong base |
| Weak bases tend to concentrate in areas of low/high pH | Low pH Think strong acid/weak base |
| Weak acids are excreted more rapidly at lower/higher pH because they are concentrated in the ____________ of the kidney tubule | Higher, lumen |
| A drug made active by metabolism | Prodrug |
| Phase reaction of drug metabolism involving oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis | Phase 1 |
| Phase reaction of drug metabolism involving conjugation, in which a substituent is added to a drug. The most common type is glucuronide conjugation. | Phase 2 |
| Most metabolism of drugs occurs in the ________, and can be microsomal or nonmicrosomal. | Liver |
| Three types of excretion in the kidney | Glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, passive tubular transfer (from blood to lumen or lumen to blood (reabsorption)). |
| k * t1/2 First order Rate constant * half time | 0.693 |
| Cp0 * Vd Concentration in plasma at time 0 * volume of distribution | Dose |
| k * Vd First order rate constant * volume of distribution | Clearance |
| If the same mg of a drug are eliminated every hour, independent of the concentration, this is ________ order kinetics | Zero |
| If the same fraction of a drug is eliminated every hour which Is proportional to the drug's concentration, this is _______ order kinetics | First |
| -Transporter responsible for reducing a drug's accumulation -Found in the liver | P-glycoprotein |
| -Enzyme in liver that does metabolism -microsomal | Cytochrome P-450 |
| Induction/inhibition of metabolism is a reaction to certain drugs by which the # of liver cytochrome enzymes increases, resulting in an increase/decrease in effect of other drug | Induction, decrease |
| Induction/inhibition of metabolism is a reaction to certain drugs by which one drug either competes for metabolism of another or directly inhibits metabolizing enzymes | Inhibition (could also inhibit P-glycoprotein transporters) |
| The rate of metabolism is dictated by the ________________ isozyme profile of the patient | Cytochrome p-450 |
| An adverse effect that occurs within the therapeutic Dose range of the drug | Side effect |
| -An adverse drug reaction that is due to a genetic change usually involving a change in enzyme activity -occur rarely in population -could be an allergy or sensitivity | Idiosyncratic reaction |
| If a pt is taking itroconazole (anti fungal), clarithromycin (abx for skin and respiratory system), or a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor , what dental drugs could interact? | diazepam (Valium) or triazolam (Halcion) (increased sedation due to reduced metabolism of benzodiazepines) |
| If a pt isn't taking antacids, what dental drug might be affected? | Tetracycline (commonly treats acne or bacterial infections) (reduced absorption of tetracycline) |
| If a pt is taking anticoagulants (Heparin, warfarin), what dental drug should be used with caution? | Aspirin (increased bleeding tendency) |
| If a pt is taking probenecid (reduces Uric acid with gout), what dental drug can decrease the effect of Probenecid? | Aspirin |
| If a person is taking methotrexate (immunosuppressive drug for cancer, arthritis, or psoriasis), what dental drug could cause increased methotrexate toxicity? | Aspirin |
| If a person is a chronic alcoholic, which dental drug could cause increased liver toxicity? | Acetaminophen (Tylenol) |
| if a pt is taking cholinesterase inhibitors (these inhibit breakdown of ACh, thereby increasing neuromuscular transmission for myasthenia gravis), what dental drug should be used with caution? | Local anesthetic (these reduce the ACh inhibitor effect) |
| The rate of drug metabolism can vary greatly, depending on the _______________ isozyme profile of the pt. | Cytochrome P-450 |
| If a pt has a genetic condition of *NADH-methemoglobin reductase deficiency*, which 2 anesthetics do you want to avoid that could cause methemoglobinemia? | Benzocaine, prilocaine |
| If a pt has a genetic condition of *G6P dehydrogenase deficiency*, which 3 drugs do you want to avoid that could cause a response of hemolytic anemia? | Aspirin, primaquine (treats, prevents malaria), sulfonamides (antimicrobials) |
| If a pt has a genetic condition of *abnormal heme synthesis*, which drugs do you want to avoid that could induce porphyria (build-up of red blood cell proteins)? | Barbiturates (sedatives, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants), sulfonamides (antimicrobials) |
| If a pt has a genetic condition of *low plasma cholinesterase activity*, which anesthetic do you want to avoid which could cause local anesthetic toxicity? | Procaine (and other ester local anesthetics) |
| If a pt has a genetic condition of *altered muscle calcium homeostasis*, which type of anesthetics (2) do you want to avoid which could cause malignant hyperthermia? | Volatile inhalation anesthetics, succinylcholine (causes paralysis for general anesthesia) |
| If a pt has a *prolonged Q-T interval* genetic condition, which 2 classes of drugs do you want to avoid which could cause "Torsades de pointes" (tachycardia)? | Antipsychotics, antiarrhythmics |
| Drug testing phase (I-IV) that uses normal volunteers, and assess safety and pharmacokinetics. | Phase I |
| Drug testing phase (I-IV) that uses patients who could benefit from the drug. Assesses *clinical efficacy*, pharmacokinetics, and safety. | Phase II |
| Drug testing phase (I-IV) that uses a larger # of pts, involving several medical centers. Safety and clinical efficacy are assessed. | Phase III |
| Drug testing phase (I-IV) that is post-marketing surveillance. Safety, patterns of use, and new indications are assessed. | Phase IV |
| What are the risk categories of drugs with pregnancy, from the safest to the most risk for fetuses? | A, B, C, D, X |
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