Feelings that have both physiological and cognitive elements and influence behavior

Activation of the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system

Thoughts and evaluations of the situation

6 Basic emotions?

3 functions of emotion?

4 Self-Conscious emotions?

Emotions are a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations.
The brain interprets these sensations as specific kinds of emotional experiences
(You feel emotions only after your body reacts)

Assumes that both physiological arousal and the emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus coming from the thalamus
(The event causes both arousal and emotion at the same time)

Emphasizes that we identify the emotion (the arousal) we are experiencing by observing our environment
(Your arousal and the context combine to form emotions)

Different emotions rely on different combos of body and brain reactions and interpretations

Patterns of biological arousal ______________________.

The ____ can send messages along 2 independent neural pathways
-Receives _____ from the senses

A system created by Ekman in the 1970s to measure peoples facial muscle activity

Openness in East Asia is _______.
Openness in North America is _______.

Restraint in East Asia is _______.
Restraint in North America is ______.

The self is separate from others and self-expression is encouraged so as to influence others

The independent self uses emotions to ________________.

The independent self requires what type of arousal state? Why?

The self is connected to others and to change in response to situations

The interdependent self uses emotions to ____________________________.

The interdependent self requires what type of arousal state? Why?

Affective State

Fearful, hostile, nervous

Affective State

Dull, sleepy, sluggish

Affective State

Enthusiastic, elated, excited, euphoric
(North American)

Affective State

Relaxed, calm, peaceful, serene
(East Asian)

How does culture influence the consequence of emotional suppression?

How does suppression of emotions affect psychological well-being across cultures?

Study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life (Beginning in womb, ending at death)

Extent to which development is influenced by biology and/or by environment

Current position on nature-nurture issue?

How do we determine the influence of either heredity or the environment?

Rod shaped structures that contain hereditary info
(Basics of genetics)

Conception to birth = ________

Segments of DNA = _____

Determined by whether an x-bearing sperm or y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum

Union of a sperm and ovum to produce a single celled zygote

Gestational period for human is ____ weeks

Fertilized egg (approximately the first 2 weeks of prenatal development)
A time of rapid cell division, & the zygote becomes a mass of multiplying cells that migrate to the uterine wall

After 10 days, zygote attaches to uterine wall, and inner cells develop into the embryo (outer cells become the placenta)
Vital organs and bodily systems begin to form.
70% make it from zygote to embryo.
May not be aware yet that you're pregnant.

9 weeks to birth.
(Begins when bone cells appear)
Month 4: Fetal movements start
5: 1 inch long
6: 20 inches long & 7 lbs

Time when fetus can survive if born prematurely (approximately 22-24 weeks)

Times during prenatal development or after birth when fetus is especially vulnerable to various stimuli. This typically happens during the embryonic period.
(Times when organs are more sensitive to certain stimuli
(Mother's behavior or genetic influences))

Prenatal environmental influences.
Environmental agents (drug, chemical, virus) that produces a birth defect

Mother's nutrition
Malnutrition - ______________

Mother's Emotional State
High cortisol levels - _________

Mother's Use of Drugs
Drug abuse - ________

Mother's use of Alcohol
Alcohol abuse - ________

Mother's Use of Nicotine
Nicotine abuse - _________

Unlearned involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

To turn head toward touch on cheek to suck on finger

Allows newborns to begin to ingest their food immediately after birth

____: to clear the throat, avoid choking

Flings out arms, fans fingers and arches back in response to noise or in response to feeling like being dropped

Toes fan out when outer edge of sole of foot is stroked or touched

Auditory abilities in newborns
Recognition of voices
-__________
-__________
Newborns distinguish between sounds in languages at ____.

The ability to actively perceive the distance from oneself of objects in the environment

_____ is necessary for the survival of an infant and continues throughout the life span.
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and particular individuals

Harlow's study on attachment

Using the emotional expressions of someone else in order to determine how to evaluate and respond in uncertain situations.

Ainsworth Strange Situation is used for what?

Ainsworth Strange Situation

Plays freely when mother is near. Happy when mother returns

Ainsworth Strange Situation

Do not cry when mother leaves. Seem to avoid her when she returns

Ainsworth Strange Situation

Hovers around mother. Angry when mother returns

Ainsworth Strange Situation

Inconsistent and erratic. Seems overwhelmed by stress.

_______ are based on warmth/responsiveness and expectations/control

High expectations and control; low warmth and responsiveness
(Control & unquestioning obedience)
Children fare poorly

Low expectations and control; high warmth and responsiveness
(Parents value self-expression and self-regulation)
Girls fare OK, but boys often become aimless

High expectation and control; high warmth and responsiveness
(Values child's individuality and communication with them, but also show some restraint with them)
Children fare best

Low expectations and control; low warmth and responsiveness
(Parental needs are more important)
Clear negative effects on children

A biological predisposition of reactivity and self-regulation

*Generally happy, respond well to change
*Generally mild reactions, hesitant about experiences
*Irritable, intense emotional responses

Creating the child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning
(Ex. Take adventurous child hiking)

How does the "Family Stress Model" explain how children adjust?

(Test response to new stimuli)
Used to test development of senses.
Change in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
(Become "bored" with the stimulus)

Habituation causes
1. What change in heart rate?
2. What change in rate of sucking?

Visual Abilities

New borns prefer ________.

Can infants recognize and produce different facial expressions? Why is this important?

"Strange Situation" consists of ____________________.

Propose that there are single objective standards, independent of culture, in basic domains such as learning, reasoning, & emotion that are a part of all human experience.

Propose that knowledge is 1st created and learned within a social context and is then adopted by individuals.

Auditory abilities in newborns?
(2)

The ability to actively perceive the distance from oneself of objects in the environment

___ is necessary for the survival of an infant and continues throughout the life span.
(The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and particular individual)

Harlow's study on attachment
(Wire monkey VS cloth monkey)
(Wire contains food, cloth is warm and cozy)

____ are important in order that children develop social expectations and how to interact with others. They're also important in emotional development.

Using the emotional expressions of someone else in order to determine how to evaluate and respond in uncertain situations
(In a loud environment, child looks to mother, sees she's calm, so he responds positively, believing it's safe)

Assessing Attachment: Ainsworth Strange Situation
(What happens, and what is being tested?)

Childs Behavior?

Plays freely when mother is near. Happy when mother returns.

Childs Behavior?

Does not cry when mother leaves. Seems to avoid her when she returns.

Childs Behavior?

Hovers around mother. Angry when mother returns.

Childs Behavior?

Inconsistent & erratic. Seems overwhelmed by stress.

Parenting styles are based on warmth/responsiveness and expectations/control

High expectations and control; low warmth and responsiveness
(Control and unquestioning obedience. Children fare poorly)

Low expectations and control; high warmth and responsiveness
(Parents value self-expression & self regulation. Girls fare okay, but boys often become aimless)

High expectations and control; high warmth and responsiveness
(Values child's individuality & communication with them, but also show some restraint with them. Children fare best)

Low expectations and control; Low warmth and responsiveness
(Parental needs are more important. Clear negative effects on children)

A biological predisposition of reactivity and self-regulation

____ temperament- Generally happy, respond well to change
____ temperament - Generally mild reactions, hesitant about experiences
____ temperament - Irritable, intense emotional responses

Creating the child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning
(Ex. Taking adventurous child hiking)

How does the "Family Stress Model" explain how children adjust?

Eight stages that extend across the life span (four stages in childhood). Found that babies who are securely attached are able to approach life in a trusting manner.
(Development occurs in 8 stages throughout the life span)

(Birth - 1 year)
If needs are met, infants develop a sense of trust
(Is my world predictable and supportive?)

(1-3 years)
Infant (toddler) develops healthy sense of independence
(Can i do things myself or must I always rely on others?)
-A shift to self control

(3 - 6 years)
Preschool children learn to initiate active, purposeful behaviors
(Am I good or am I bad?)

(6 -12 years)
Children learn to find pleasure in completing tasks, mastering knowledge and other intellectual skills.
(Am i competent or worthless?)

Four stages that occur across the life span

(Birth - 2 years)
Children's thinking is largely coming from their perceptions of and interactions with the world
(Imitation)

Infants under the age of 9 months fail to understand that an object continues to exist even when out of sight

(2 - 7 years)
Children have now conquered the object permanence and now show a wide variety of other symbolic representation capabilities
(Ex. When drawing)

Ability to understand that even as physical dimensions change, the quantity does not

Lack skills of conservation (concentrate on one dimension)?

(7 - 12 years)
The time when children begin thinking logically
(Development of conservation and mastery of reversibility)
-can take another person's perspective
-classify objects
-conservation and other reversible mental operations

Problem to overcome in Concrete Operational Stage?

(12 +)
Major achievements
Attainment of the reasoning power of mature adults
-Abstract concepts
-Deeper, more complex logic
-Reversibility

Problems with Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?

Emphasize how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children's cognitive development
-Growth is collaborative

Awareness of the component sounds within words
-Breaking down a word to its basic parts
Crucial skill in learning to read

Differences between children of low-income and affluent backgrounds

The _______ continues to develop throughout adolescence
(planning and problem solving)

Developmental stage between childhood and adulthood (age 10-20)
-its been prolonged and created new emerging adulthood
-time of change, and occasionally, turmoil

In early adolescence, ____________.
-Changes in this system contribute to increases in adolescents' sensation-seeking and reward motivation

Later adolescence - _____________
-The amygdala matures earlier than prefrontal cortex

Why do adolescents take more risks than adults?

Cognitive Development in Adolescence
1. Shift from ____ to ____ thought
2. Improvements in _______________________.

Moral Development (______)

Moral Development
Moral reasoning develops along with cognitive development
6 Stages - The basis for ethical behavior
-Broken into 3 groups (2 stages in each), which are __, ___, and ___.

Pre-Conventional Morality

Conventional Morality

Post-Conventional Morality

Do most people reach the highest level or moral development?

The search for identity = _________

(12 - 20s)
Who am I?
Identity search includes gender, ethnicity, and other aspects that require us to define ourselves

Committing to an identity without exploring other options

Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identity

When adolescents actively explore options, but don't commit to any identity

When adolescents have explored options and then make an identity commitment

Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
_____=Antisocial behavior begins in childhood
_____=Antisocial behavior begins in adolescence

Female adolescents have ___ as high rates of anxiety and __-__ times higher rates of depression, compared to male adolescents. Family adversity and ____ during childhood can lead to problems in adolescence.

Marker of positive adolescent adjustment and is predicted by different factors
-Interpersonal
-Intrapersonal
-Institutional

_____- (Parental engagement w/ adolescents)
_____- (Intrinsic motivation)
_____- (School quality)

______ are theorized to experience poor parental monitoring and supervision

_____ is the 3rd leading cause of death in adolescents. (Males are __ times more likely to complete, females are more likely to attempt)

Particularly involved with planning and flexible problem solving

Mean number of years that a person will live with respect to certain life circumstances
(Each generation can expect to live longer than previous generations)

Marks the peak of physical health, vision, hearing, reaction time, and coordination

Getting married, having a family, getting jobs

(20-30s)
Early adulthood
Focus on developing close relationships

Middle Age

Physical Development: ?

Is there a mid-life transition?

(40s - 50s)
Important to contribute to next generation
-contributing to the knowledge or success of younger kids

Individual differences across adults and the rate of change across time

Construct that indicates how old a person feels and to which age group they associate themselves with
-In opposition of chronological age

Awareness of the shrinking time left in life

DECLINE
Using new info to solve problems
(Logical reasoning, spatial abilities, reaction time)

DECLINE
Remembering without cues

DECLINE
Simultaneously storing and using that memory

DECLINE
Switching focus from one task to another

DECLINE
Focus on certain information and suppressing attention to other things (Multitasking)

DECLINE
Deficits in sensory functioning explain age differences in a variety of cognitive abilities

INCREASE/REMAIN SAME
Specific knowledge of information (learned information)

INCREASE/REMAIN SAME
Breaking tasks down into more manageable parts

INCREASE/REMAIN SAME
Tasks with available cues (vocab tests)

INCREASE/REMAIN SAME
Older adults have more effective strategies for social/emotional problems to compensate for other cognitive declines

(60+)
Accomplished VS Lost opportunities
"happy with what they've done
VS
"dwell on what they didn't do in life"

Enduring predispositions that characterize a person (styles of thought, feelings, behavior)

Personality
Change or stability as you age?

Used to examine whether personality increases or decreases over time
(OCEAN)

O
C
E
A
N

Individual's own view of their aging process
(Positive perceptions of the aging process are associated with greater well-being, health, & longevity)

Changes in motivation for actively seeking social contact with others
(Seek social support for more emotional needs)

Which birth defect is NOT caused by a teratogen?

The germinal period (when the zygote develops) describes the _________________.

Two weeks after conception, the developing individual enters the ____ period, which lasts from week 2 through week 8.

The normal result of conception is a single cell that contains ___ pairs of chromosomes.

Baby Izzy is feeding from a bottle. His slowed rate of sucking and increase in eye movements is an example of _______.

Which prenatal period lasts the longest?

Baby Harvey's other drops a heavy pan on the floor, and Harvey flings out his arms, fans his fingers, and arches back. He's demonstrating the _____.

Sarah and Tomas are nonsibling infants who were adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Lang. The Langs begin to notice that over time, Sarah and Tomas have begun to develop similar interests in academic subjects, sports, and hobbies. Developmental psychologists would view these similarities as support for ____ influences on development.

The beginning of the unborn child's ability to survive outside the womb begins at the prenatal 22nd week and is known as the ________.

All of the following are methods that have been used to measure infant perception EXCEPT _______.

Shannon decided to become Catholic after attending one mass service. She did not look at any other religions. This describes which type of identity formation?

When you were in high school, you may have spent a lot of time thinking about career goals. You were in the ____ stage.

Teri, age 15, just broke up with her boyfriend. She is certain that no one else has ever suffered heartbreak like hers because no one else has ever loved like she does. Teri's sense that no one else can possibly understand her pain is an example of a(n) _______.

Parents who are overprotective and too restraining of their toddler risk that the child will not achieve the psychological goal of _____________.

Tamika is concerned that if she were to vandalize property, her parents and friends would be disappointed in her. Tamika is likely in the ____ stage of moral development.

Patterson (1982) theorizes that late starters experience _____.

A preschooler who watches an adult empty a small pitcher of water into a glass believes that __________________.

Meika explores her environment by crawling to a new toy and putting it in her mouth. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development model is she demonstrating?

According to the psychosocial theorist Erik Erikson, the main task of infancy is to develop __________.

During Erikson’s crisis of intimacy versus isolation the key concern involves developing capacity to share intimacy with others. This stage is associated with
______.

A man reflects on his life’s accomplishments and feels that he has made many important contributions to the world around him. Erikson would argue that this man is in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.

Alex is said to be ranking high on this Big Five trait. She responds well to novelty, such as starting at a new school and is willing to join 2 new clubs that focus on activities that she has never tried before. What trait is this?

Jocelyn is 25 years old and she feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life she is unwilling to form a serious, committed relationship with another person. Based on Erikson’s theory, Jocelyn may:

According to Carstensen, the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explains what about older adults and their social support?

Opal has learned a lot about housing construction in her 20 years as a realtor. Recalling facts about siding and insulation would be an example of Opal's _____ intelligence

Denise is in her mid-40’s; she has never married and is childless. Her job is routine and she feels as if she hasn’t really done much to contribute to socieity’s future. In Erikson’s terms, Denise is experiencing:

Jane is currently 68 years old. She has been reflecting over her adult life, thinking about what has changed and what has stayed consistent. Although it wasn’t everything she had planned for, she views her positive aging process as positive. What benefits will she receive from this?

A man reflects on his life’s accomplishments and feels that he has made many important contributions to the world around him. Erikson would argue that this man is in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.

Jocelyn is 25 years old and she feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life she is unwilling to form a serious, committed relationship with another person. Based on Erikson’s theory, Jocelyn may:

Research on cognitive abilities in late adulthood suggests that as we age,