PSYC 101 EXAM 4 PART 1

Description

Flashcards on PSYC 101 EXAM 4 PART 1, created by Faizan Ahmed on 10/03/2016.
Faizan Ahmed
Flashcards by Faizan Ahmed, updated more than 1 year ago
Faizan Ahmed
Created by Faizan Ahmed about 9 years ago
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 (0)

Resource summary

Question Answer
Feelings that have both physiological and cognitive elements and influence behavior Emotions
Activation of the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system Physiological elements
Thoughts and evaluations of the situation Cognitive elements
6 Basic emotions? Anger Disgust Fear Happiness Sadness Surprise
3 functions of emotion? Prepare us for action Shape future behavior Help us interact more effectively with others
4 Self-Conscious emotions? Embarassment Guilt Pride Shame
Emotions are a result of physiological changes that produce specific sensations. The brain interprets these sensations as specific kinds of emotional experiences (You feel emotions only after your body reacts) James-Lange Theory
Assumes that both physiological arousal and the emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus coming from the thalamus (The event causes both arousal and emotion at the same time) Canon-Bard theory
Emphasizes that we identify the emotion (the arousal) we are experiencing by observing our environment (Your arousal and the context combine to form emotions) Schachter-Singer Theory
Different emotions rely on different combos of body and brain reactions and interpretations Contemporary perspectives on the neuroscience of emotions
Patterns of biological arousal ______________________. are associated with individual emotions, due to activation of different neural pathways
The ____ can send messages along 2 independent neural pathways -Receives _____ from the senses thalamus direct input
A system created by Ekman in the 1970s to measure peoples facial muscle activity Ekman's Studies (1970s): Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
Openness in East Asia is _______. Openness in North America is _______. uncommon common
Restraint in East Asia is _______. Restraint in North America is ______. common (& necessary) so as to adjust to others uncommon, negative consequences on psychological well being
The self is separate from others and self-expression is encouraged so as to influence others Independent Self
The independent self uses emotions to ________________. express oneself and to influence others.
The independent self requires what type of arousal state? Why? High arousal, as influencing others takes action and initiative (excitement and enthusiasm is crucial)
The self is connected to others and to change in response to situations Interdependent Self
The interdependent self uses emotions to ____________________________. suppress and control so as to adjust to others
The interdependent self requires what type of arousal state? Why? Low arousal so as to adjust to others and to suspend personal action
Affective State Fearful, hostile, nervous HAN (High arousal negative)
Affective State Dull, sleepy, sluggish LAN (Low arousal negative)
Affective State Enthusiastic, elated, excited, euphoric (North American) HAP (High arousal positive)
Affective State Relaxed, calm, peaceful, serene (East Asian) LAP (Low arousal positive)
How does culture influence the consequence of emotional suppression? Ideal affect for contexts influences emotional suppression or a lack of it
How does suppression of emotions affect psychological well-being across cultures? Suppression of emotions and emotional expression is associated with a decreased psychological well-being
Study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life (Beginning in womb, ending at death) Lifespan Developmental Psychology
Extent to which development is influenced by biology and/or by environment Nature-Nurture Issue
Current position on nature-nurture issue? Most psychologists now agree that it's an INTERACTION of nature and nurture in development (Genes and environment interact together)
How do we determine the influence of either heredity or the environment? Nature may set the upper limits of our physical & cognitive potential. Nurture is critical for helping us reach our potential.
Rod shaped structures that contain hereditary info (Basics of genetics) Chromosomes
Conception to birth = ________ Prenatal Development
Segments of DNA = _____ Genes
Determined by whether an x-bearing sperm or y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum Determination of sex
Union of a sperm and ovum to produce a single celled zygote Conception/Fertilization
Gestational period for human is ____ weeks 40 +/- 2
Fertilized egg (approximately the first 2 weeks of prenatal development) A time of rapid cell division, & the zygote becomes a mass of multiplying cells that migrate to the uterine wall Zygote
After 10 days, zygote attaches to uterine wall, and inner cells develop into the embryo (outer cells become the placenta) Vital organs and bodily systems begin to form. 70% make it from zygote to embryo. May not be aware yet that you're pregnant. Embryo
9 weeks to birth. (Begins when bone cells appear) Month 4: Fetal movements start 5: 1 inch long 6: 20 inches long & 7 lbs Fetus
Time when fetus can survive if born prematurely (approximately 22-24 weeks) Age of viability
Times during prenatal development or after birth when fetus is especially vulnerable to various stimuli. This typically happens during the embryonic period. (Times when organs are more sensitive to certain stimuli (Mother's behavior or genetic influences)) Critical/sensitive period
Prenatal environmental influences. Environmental agents (drug, chemical, virus) that produces a birth defect Teratogen
Mother's nutrition Malnutrition - ______________ smaller weight and height, reduction in brain growth
Mother's Emotional State High cortisol levels - _________ Increased fetal heartrate & BP, potential suspectibility to illness
Mother's Use of Drugs Drug abuse - ________ Infant is born addicted; low birth weight, can die from withdrawal effects
Mother's use of Alcohol Alcohol abuse - ________ Intellectual disabilities, lower birth weight, small head, limb deformities, irritability, hyperactivity, heart defect, motor development problems
Mother's Use of Nicotine Nicotine abuse - _________ Premature birth, low birth weight, & shorted body length
Unlearned involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli Reflexes
To turn head toward touch on cheek to suck on finger Rooting
Allows newborns to begin to ingest their food immediately after birth Sucking
____: to clear the throat, avoid choking Gag
Flings out arms, fans fingers and arches back in response to noise or in response to feeling like being dropped Startle (Moro)
Toes fan out when outer edge of sole of foot is stroked or touched Babinski
Auditory abilities in newborns Recognition of voices -__________ -__________ Newborns distinguish between sounds in languages at ____. Prefer human voices over other sounds. Recognizes mom's voice at 3 days 2 days
The ability to actively perceive the distance from oneself of objects in the environment Depth Perception
_____ is necessary for the survival of an infant and continues throughout the life span. The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and particular individuals Attachment
Harlow's study on attachment Wire monkey VS cloth monkey (Warm & cozy > Food)
Using the emotional expressions of someone else in order to determine how to evaluate and respond in uncertain situations. Social referencing (Ex. In loud environment, child looks at mom, sees mom's calm, so he responds positively, believing the situation to be safe)
Ainsworth Strange Situation is used for what? Assessing attachment between babies and their mothers
Ainsworth Strange Situation Plays freely when mother is near. Happy when mother returns Secure
Ainsworth Strange Situation Do not cry when mother leaves. Seem to avoid her when she returns Avoidant
Ainsworth Strange Situation Hovers around mother. Angry when mother returns Ambivalent
Ainsworth Strange Situation Inconsistent and erratic. Seems overwhelmed by stress. Disorganized-disoriented
_______ are based on warmth/responsiveness and expectations/control Parenting Styles and Social Development
High expectations and control; low warmth and responsiveness (Control & unquestioning obedience) Children fare poorly Authoritarian
Low expectations and control; high warmth and responsiveness (Parents value self-expression and self-regulation) Girls fare OK, but boys often become aimless Permissive
High expectation and control; high warmth and responsiveness (Values child's individuality and communication with them, but also show some restraint with them) Children fare best Authoritative
Low expectations and control; low warmth and responsiveness (Parental needs are more important) Clear negative effects on children Uninvolved
A biological predisposition of reactivity and self-regulation Temperament
*Generally happy, respond well to change *Generally mild reactions, hesitant about experiences *Irritable, intense emotional responses Easy Slow to Warm Up Difficult
Creating the child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning (Ex. Take adventurous child hiking) Goodness of fit
How does the "Family Stress Model" explain how children adjust? Familial financial problems negatively affect child adjustment through stressed and depressed parental mood, which leads to marital problems and poor parenting.
(Test response to new stimuli) Used to test development of senses. Change in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus (Become "bored" with the stimulus) Habituation
Habituation causes 1. What change in heart rate? 2. What change in rate of sucking? 1. Decreases 2. Sucking slows or stops
Visual Abilities New borns prefer ________. face-like stimuli
Can infants recognize and produce different facial expressions? Why is this important? Yes. Imitation of universal emotions. -Important for social interaction
"Strange Situation" consists of ____________________. the infant being repeatedly briefly separated from the caregiver to assess the attachment.
Propose that there are single objective standards, independent of culture, in basic domains such as learning, reasoning, & emotion that are a part of all human experience. Universalist
Propose that knowledge is 1st created and learned within a social context and is then adopted by individuals. Constructivist
Auditory abilities in newborns? (2) 1. Recognition of voices (Prefer human voices over other sounds) (Recognizes mom at 3 days) 2. Distinguish between sounds in languages (at 2 days)
The ability to actively perceive the distance from oneself of objects in the environment Depth Perception
___ is necessary for the survival of an infant and continues throughout the life span. (The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and particular individual) Attachment
Harlow's study on attachment (Wire monkey VS cloth monkey) (Wire contains food, cloth is warm and cozy) Babies prefer cloth monkey
____ are important in order that children develop social expectations and how to interact with others. They're also important in emotional development. Relationships
Using the emotional expressions of someone else in order to determine how to evaluate and respond in uncertain situations (In a loud environment, child looks to mother, sees she's calm, so he responds positively, believing it's safe) Social Referencing
Assessing Attachment: Ainsworth Strange Situation (What happens, and what is being tested?) Brief separations from caregiver to test attachment
Childs Behavior? Plays freely when mother is near. Happy when mother returns. Secure
Childs Behavior? Does not cry when mother leaves. Seems to avoid her when she returns. Avoidant
Childs Behavior? Hovers around mother. Angry when mother returns. Ambivalent
Childs Behavior? Inconsistent & erratic. Seems overwhelmed by stress. Disorganized-disoriented
Parenting styles are based on warmth/responsiveness and expectations/control Parenting Styles and Social Development
High expectations and control; low warmth and responsiveness (Control and unquestioning obedience. Children fare poorly) Authoritarian
Low expectations and control; high warmth and responsiveness (Parents value self-expression & self regulation. Girls fare okay, but boys often become aimless) Permissive
High expectations and control; high warmth and responsiveness (Values child's individuality & communication with them, but also show some restraint with them. Children fare best) Authoritative
Low expectations and control; Low warmth and responsiveness (Parental needs are more important. Clear negative effects on children) Uninvolved
A biological predisposition of reactivity and self-regulation Temperament
____ temperament- Generally happy, respond well to change ____ temperament - Generally mild reactions, hesitant about experiences ____ temperament - Irritable, intense emotional responses Easy Slow to Warm Up Difficult
Creating the child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning (Ex. Taking adventurous child hiking) Goodness of fit
How does the "Family Stress Model" explain how children adjust? Familial financial problems negatively affect child adjustment through stressed and depressed parental mood, which leads to marital problems and poor parenting
Eight stages that extend across the life span (four stages in childhood). Found that babies who are securely attached are able to approach life in a trusting manner. (Development occurs in 8 stages throughout the life span) Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
(Birth - 1 year) If needs are met, infants develop a sense of trust (Is my world predictable and supportive?) Trust VS Mistrust (Stage 1: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development)
(1-3 years) Infant (toddler) develops healthy sense of independence (Can i do things myself or must I always rely on others?) -A shift to self control Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt (Stage 2: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development)
(3 - 6 years) Preschool children learn to initiate active, purposeful behaviors (Am I good or am I bad?) Initiative VS Guilt (Stage 3: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development)
(6 -12 years) Children learn to find pleasure in completing tasks, mastering knowledge and other intellectual skills. (Am i competent or worthless?) Industry VS Inferiority (Stage 4: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development)
Four stages that occur across the life span Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
(Birth - 2 years) Children's thinking is largely coming from their perceptions of and interactions with the world (Imitation) Sensorimotor (Stage 1: Piaget's theory of cognitive development)
Infants under the age of 9 months fail to understand that an object continues to exist even when out of sight Object Permanence
(2 - 7 years) Children have now conquered the object permanence and now show a wide variety of other symbolic representation capabilities (Ex. When drawing) Preoperational (Stage 2: Piaget's theory of cognitive development)
Ability to understand that even as physical dimensions change, the quantity does not Conservation
Lack skills of conservation (concentrate on one dimension)? Number Substance (mass) Volume
(7 - 12 years) The time when children begin thinking logically (Development of conservation and mastery of reversibility) -can take another person's perspective -classify objects -conservation and other reversible mental operations Concrete Operational (Stage 3: Piaget's theory of cognitive development)
Problem to overcome in Concrete Operational Stage? Ability to use abstract thought (cannot think in systematic scientific ways)
(12 +) Major achievements Attainment of the reasoning power of mature adults -Abstract concepts -Deeper, more complex logic -Reversibility Formal Operational (Stage 4: Piaget's theory of cognitive development)
Problems with Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development? Underestimated Children Many adults never reach formal operations Culture influences cognitive development
Emphasize how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children's cognitive development -Growth is collaborative Vygotsky and the Zone of Proximal Development
Awareness of the component sounds within words -Breaking down a word to its basic parts Crucial skill in learning to read Reading/Phonemic Awareness
Differences between children of low-income and affluent backgrounds Math abilities are higher for high income children Math abilities are lower for low-income children
The _______ continues to develop throughout adolescence (planning and problem solving) prefrontal cortex
Developmental stage between childhood and adulthood (age 10-20) -its been prolonged and created new emerging adulthood -time of change, and occasionally, turmoil Adolescence
In early adolescence, ____________. -Changes in this system contribute to increases in adolescents' sensation-seeking and reward motivation dopaminergic system changes
Later adolescence - _____________ -The amygdala matures earlier than prefrontal cortex Prefrontal cortex development
Why do adolescents take more risks than adults? Immature brain systems (prefrontal cortex) regulate impulse control. Matured amygdala and changing dopaminergic system -More sensation-seeking and emotion-based decisions
Cognitive Development in Adolescence 1. Shift from ____ to ____ thought 2. Improvements in _______________________. concrete to abstract attention, memory, speed of processing, metacognition (thinking about thinking)
Moral Development (______) Kohlberg
Moral Development Moral reasoning develops along with cognitive development 6 Stages - The basis for ethical behavior -Broken into 3 groups (2 stages in each), which are __, ___, and ___. Pre-conventional Morality Conventional Morality Post-Conventional Morality
Pre-Conventional Morality 1. Obedience and punishment orientation 2. Individualism and Exchange
Conventional Morality 1. Good interpersonal relationships 2. Maintaining social order
Post-Conventional Morality 1. Social contract and individual rights 2. Universal principles
Do most people reach the highest level or moral development? 5-15% of teens make it through Many don't make it to post-conventional
The search for identity = _________ Psychosocial development
(12 - 20s) Who am I? Identity search includes gender, ethnicity, and other aspects that require us to define ourselves Identity VS Role-Confusion (Stage 5: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory) (Adolescence)
Committing to an identity without exploring other options Foreclosure
Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identity Identity Diffusion
When adolescents actively explore options, but don't commit to any identity Moratorium
When adolescents have explored options and then make an identity commitment Identity Achievement
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior _____=Antisocial behavior begins in childhood _____=Antisocial behavior begins in adolescence Early Starters Late Starters
Female adolescents have ___ as high rates of anxiety and __-__ times higher rates of depression, compared to male adolescents. Family adversity and ____ during childhood can lead to problems in adolescence. twice 1.5-3 abuse
Marker of positive adolescent adjustment and is predicted by different factors -Interpersonal -Intrapersonal -Institutional Academic Achievement
_____- (Parental engagement w/ adolescents) _____- (Intrinsic motivation) _____- (School quality) Interpersonal Intrapersonal Institutional
______ are theorized to experience poor parental monitoring and supervision Late starters
_____ is the 3rd leading cause of death in adolescents. (Males are __ times more likely to complete, females are more likely to attempt) Suicide 5
Particularly involved with planning and flexible problem solving Prefrontal cortex
Mean number of years that a person will live with respect to certain life circumstances (Each generation can expect to live longer than previous generations) Life expectancy
Marks the peak of physical health, vision, hearing, reaction time, and coordination Physical development in early adulthood
Getting married, having a family, getting jobs Social Development in early adulthood
(20-30s) Early adulthood Focus on developing close relationships Intimacy VS Isolation (Stage 6: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory)
Middle Age Physical Development: ? Some minor physical decline (Visual abilities and muscle retention decline)
Is there a mid-life transition? (Very few people have it) Happiness and general life satisfaction generally doesn't decrease throughout adulthood
(40s - 50s) Important to contribute to next generation -contributing to the knowledge or success of younger kids Generativity VS Stagnation (Stage 7: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development)
Individual differences across adults and the rate of change across time heterogeneity
Construct that indicates how old a person feels and to which age group they associate themselves with -In opposition of chronological age Subjective age
Awareness of the shrinking time left in life Mid-life consciousness
DECLINE Using new info to solve problems (Logical reasoning, spatial abilities, reaction time) Fluid abilities
DECLINE Remembering without cues Memory recall
DECLINE Simultaneously storing and using that memory Working memory
DECLINE Switching focus from one task to another Processing speed
DECLINE Focus on certain information and suppressing attention to other things (Multitasking) Inhibitory functioning
DECLINE Deficits in sensory functioning explain age differences in a variety of cognitive abilities Vision and hearing
INCREASE/REMAIN SAME Specific knowledge of information (learned information) Crystallized Abilities
INCREASE/REMAIN SAME Breaking tasks down into more manageable parts Cognitive efficiency
INCREASE/REMAIN SAME Tasks with available cues (vocab tests) Recognition tasks
INCREASE/REMAIN SAME Older adults have more effective strategies for social/emotional problems to compensate for other cognitive declines Problem Solving
(60+) Accomplished VS Lost opportunities "happy with what they've done VS "dwell on what they didn't do in life" Ego-integrity VS Despair (Stage 8: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development)
Enduring predispositions that characterize a person (styles of thought, feelings, behavior) Personality
Personality Change or stability as you age? Some may remain stable, but others may have changes during adulthood in the form of some traits and individual differences due to life events (divorce, illness)
Used to examine whether personality increases or decreases over time (OCEAN) Big Five Traits
O C E A N Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Individual's own view of their aging process (Positive perceptions of the aging process are associated with greater well-being, health, & longevity) Positive self-perception
Changes in motivation for actively seeking social contact with others (Seek social support for more emotional needs) Social relationships and socio-emotional selectivity theory
Which birth defect is NOT caused by a teratogen? Down syndrome caused by a chromosomal abnormality
The germinal period (when the zygote develops) describes the _________________. first two weeks following fertilization
Two weeks after conception, the developing individual enters the ____ period, which lasts from week 2 through week 8. embryonic
The normal result of conception is a single cell that contains ___ pairs of chromosomes. 23
Baby Izzy is feeding from a bottle. His slowed rate of sucking and increase in eye movements is an example of _______. habituation
Which prenatal period lasts the longest? Fetal
Baby Harvey's other drops a heavy pan on the floor, and Harvey flings out his arms, fans his fingers, and arches back. He's demonstrating the _____. startle reflex
Sarah and Tomas are nonsibling infants who were adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Lang. The Langs begin to notice that over time, Sarah and Tomas have begun to develop similar interests in academic subjects, sports, and hobbies. Developmental psychologists would view these similarities as support for ____ influences on development. environmental
The beginning of the unborn child's ability to survive outside the womb begins at the prenatal 22nd week and is known as the ________. age of viability
All of the following are methods that have been used to measure infant perception EXCEPT _______. mood and emotion
Shannon decided to become Catholic after attending one mass service. She did not look at any other religions. This describes which type of identity formation? Foreclosure
When you were in high school, you may have spent a lot of time thinking about career goals. You were in the ____ stage. Identity VS Role Confusion
Teri, age 15, just broke up with her boyfriend. She is certain that no one else has ever suffered heartbreak like hers because no one else has ever loved like she does. Teri's sense that no one else can possibly understand her pain is an example of a(n) _______. personal fable
Parents who are overprotective and too restraining of their toddler risk that the child will not achieve the psychological goal of _____________. autonomy and independence
Tamika is concerned that if she were to vandalize property, her parents and friends would be disappointed in her. Tamika is likely in the ____ stage of moral development. Conventional
Patterson (1982) theorizes that late starters experience _____. poor parental monitoring and supervision
A preschooler who watches an adult empty a small pitcher of water into a glass believes that __________________. the poured volume increases or decreases depending on the appearance of the container
Meika explores her environment by crawling to a new toy and putting it in her mouth. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development model is she demonstrating? sensorimotor
According to the psychosocial theorist Erik Erikson, the main task of infancy is to develop __________. F
During Erikson’s crisis of intimacy versus isolation the key concern involves developing capacity to share intimacy with others. This stage is associated with ______. early adulthood
A man reflects on his life’s accomplishments and feels that he has made many important contributions to the world around him. Erikson would argue that this man is in the _____ stage of psychosocial development. Ego-integrity VS despair
Alex is said to be ranking high on this Big Five trait. She responds well to novelty, such as starting at a new school and is willing to join 2 new clubs that focus on activities that she has never tried before. What trait is this? openness to experience
Jocelyn is 25 years old and she feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life she is unwilling to form a serious, committed relationship with another person. Based on Erikson’s theory, Jocelyn may: develop a sense of isolation
According to Carstensen, the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explains what about older adults and their social support? Older adults restrict their social life to include emotionally close friends
Opal has learned a lot about housing construction in her 20 years as a realtor. Recalling facts about siding and insulation would be an example of Opal's _____ intelligence crystallized
Denise is in her mid-40’s; she has never married and is childless. Her job is routine and she feels as if she hasn’t really done much to contribute to socieity’s future. In Erikson’s terms, Denise is experiencing: stagnation
Jane is currently 68 years old. She has been reflecting over her adult life, thinking about what has changed and what has stayed consistent. Although it wasn’t everything she had planned for, she views her positive aging process as positive. What benefits will she receive from this? Greater overall well being and health
A man reflects on his life’s accomplishments and feels that he has made many important contributions to the world around him. Erikson would argue that this man is in the _____ stage of psychosocial development. ego-integrity versus despair
Jocelyn is 25 years old and she feels very insecure about some of the personal and career choices she has made so far. Consequently, at this point in her life she is unwilling to form a serious, committed relationship with another person. Based on Erikson’s theory, Jocelyn may: develop a sense of isolation
Research on cognitive abilities in late adulthood suggests that as we age, fluid intelligence will decline and crystallized intelligence will remain steady.
Show full summary Hide full summary

0 comments

There are no comments, be the first and leave one below:

Similar

GCSE Biology AQA
isabellabeaumont
Common Irish Words
silviaod119
HRCI Glossary of Terms A-N
Sandra Reed
Atomic Structure
Jenni
Chemistry GCSE
frimpongr
An Inspector Calls - Quotes
jaynejuby
CONCEPTUAL MAP
Andres Sanchez
Gatsby notes on symbolism and themes
Maria-Rodriguez
An Inspector Calls Revision Notes
Noor Sohail
Acids, Bases and Salts
asramanathan