Science Study/Summary

atom

The smallest whole part of all matter

element

A type of matter made of one type of atom

molecule

A type of matter made of two or more atoms chemically bonded together

mixture

A material made of different elements and/or compounds where there is no fixed ratio. Can be separated using physical means.

chemical symbol

A shorthand way to represent an element and molecule

compound

A type of matter made of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together

physical change

A type of change in which the form of matter changes it physical state as a result of energy changes

chemical change

A type of change where one or more substances are chemically altered into one or more new and different substances

chemical reaction

The process which brings about a chemical change

acid

A substance with particular chemical properties including turning litmus red, neutralising alkalis, often corrosive and sour-tasting.

metal

A type of matter which is typically a solid, shiny, malleable and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity

alloy

A type of metal made by combining two or more metallic elements to give different physical properties

lustre

The manner in which a newly exposed surface of a metal reflects light

malleable

The ability of a metal to be beaten to form shapes without breaking

ductile

The ability of a metal to be drawn out to form a wire

conductivity

The ability of a substance to allow electricity or heat to travel through it

extraction

The process by which metals are removed from mineral ores

electrolysis

The process by which electric current is passed through a substance to effect a chemical change.

decomposition

A type of chemical reaction where a substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances

synthesis

A type of chemical reaction where two or more substances chemically combine to form a new substance

precipitation

A type of chemical reaction where two soluble salt solutions are combined to form an insoluble solid

neutralisation

A type of chemical reaction where an acid and a base interact to form a salt and water

biopolymer

A very large molecule made by living organisms

petroleum

Known as crude oil, an oily mixture of hydrocarbons that can be extracted from layers of rock and used to produce fuel and polymers

Hydrogen-H

Helium-He

Lithium-Li

Beryllium-Be

Boron-B

Carbon-C

Nitrogen-N

Oxygen-O

Fluorine-F

Neon-Ne

Sodium-Na

Magnesium-Mg

Aluminium-Al

Silicon-Si

Phosphorus-P

Sulphur-S

Chlorine-Cl

Argon-Ar

Potassium-K

Calcium-Ca

Law of Conservation of Energy - No energy loss, no mass is lost

Catalyst - speeds up a chemical reaction

8.2 Body Systems Wordlist

Alveolus

Also known as an air sac, they provide a large surface area for the exchange of gases with the blood.

Artery

The type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Atrium

The top inflow chambers of the heart

Bile

Neutralises the acid from the stomach, produced in liver. Makes small intestine alkaline

Bladder

The organ that stores urine temporarily

Breathing

The act of inhaling and exhaling air

Bronchiole

The bronchi divide into many of these tiny tubes, each enter an air sac.

Bronchus

The two branching tubes from the trachea, each connected to a lung

Capillaries

The network of very small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins

Cardiac muscle

The type of muscle associated with the heart

Cartilage

Slippery ends of bones

Circulation

The movement of blood around the body through a series of tubes

Cortex

The part of the kidney which is made up of the convoluting tubules

Diaphragm

The curved muscle that separates the chest cavity and the abdomen which controls breathing

Digestion

The breaking down of large insoluble food particles into simple soluble molecules

Dorsal aorta

The artery that brings blood to the kidney to be filtered

Duct

A small tube for the passage of secretions from glands

Duodenum

The upper part of small intestine that receives bile and pancreatic juice

Elimination

The removal of waste material from the digestive system

Epiglottis (remember kh, kh khan from the epiglottis)

Flap that covers the trachea

Excretion

The removal of metabolic wastes which are produced by cells

Gall bladder

Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

Gland

Organs that make substances, released in the bloodstream

Haemoglobin

Protein that allows red blood cells to carry oxygen

Hydrochloric acid

Acid that chemically breaks down food in stomach

Intercostal muscles

The muscles between the ribs which increase the volume of the chest when breathing

Kidney

The organ that filters the blood of wastes

Large intestine

Absorbs water, salt, vitamins and minerals from undigested food

Left side of heart

Receives blood from lungs and pumps it around the body (larger side)

Ligament

A type of connective tissue joining bone to bone

Lipase enzyme

Breaks down fats into fatty acid and glycerol

Medulla

The part of the kidney which is made up of the loops of henle

Muscle

Cause movement of the bones by contracting and relaxing

Nephron

The filtering units of the kidney

Oesophagus

The tube leading from the back of the throat to the stomach

Pancreas

The gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum

Pancreatic juice

Released by the pancreas, it contains enzymes for the digestion of lipids

Pelvis

The part of the kidney made up of collecting ducts

Plasma

The clear fluid component of the blood which transports blood cells, nutrients and wastes around the body

Platelets

Stick together to stop bleeding, forms scab

Protease enzyme

Breaks down protein into amino acids, is produced in stomach

Pulmonary

The part of the circulation system which involves the flow of blood to and from the lungs

Rectum

The last section of the large intestine which stores wastes until they are eliminated

Red blood cells

Erythrocytes carry oxygen to be delivered to other cells

Renal

Pertaining to the kidneys

Renal artery and vein

Connects dorsal aorta and vena cava to kidney

Reproduction

The production of offspring that resemble the parents

Respiration

A chemical reaction carried out by all living cells where glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water and releases energy.

Right side of heart

Receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs (smaller side)

Skeleton

The system that provides support, protection and allows movement

Small intestine

Digests nutrients and water to be metabolised

Smooth muscle

The type of muscle associated with internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine, bladder and blood vessels.

Sphincter

Ring of muscle gateway that opens and closes in the stomach, anus etc.

Stomach

The bag shaped organ which churns food with gastric juices

Striated muscle

The type of muscle associated with the skeleton

Systemic

The part of the circulation system which involves the flow of blood to and from the heart and the body

Tendon

A type of connective tissue joining muscle to bone

Trachea

The tube leading from the back of the throat to the bronchi. Also called the windpipe

Ureter

The tube carrying urine, leading from the kidney to the bladder

Urethra

The tube carrying urine, leading from the bladder to outside the body

Vein

The type of blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

Vena cava

The vein that takes blood to the kidney to be filtered and brought back to the heart

Ventricle

The bottom outflow chambers of the heart

Villi

Absorb nutrients in the small intestine

Voluntary

A type of muscle controlled by conscious thought

White blood cells

Leukocytes fight bacteria and virus

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM CHART

SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS

ORGANS/Major STRUCTURES

Skeletal

Functions:

1. Supports and protects the body

2. Protect organs

3. Makes blood cells

4. Gives the body the shape

5. Helps body to move

Bones

Ligaments: connects bones to bones

Cartilage: provides cushioning between the bones

Red Marrow: makes blood

Muscular

Function: Help the body move

Two Types of Muscles:

1. Voluntary Muscles: muscles you CAN control (Skeletal Muscles)

2. Involuntary Muscles: muscles you CANNOT control (smooth and cardiac muscles)

Heart, diaphragm, biceps/triceps

Tendon: connects muscle to bones

Skeletal Muscles: attached to the bones and helps us move

Smooth Muscles: make up most of the organs of our body

Cardiac Muscles: make up the heart

Digestive

Function: Breaks down food to

make energy for the body

*Direction of food movement:

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine,

Rectum, Anus

*Peristalsis: muscle movement that moves food through the esophagus

Mouth

Esophagus: Long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Stomach, Liver, Pancreas

Small Intestine: where most digestion takes place.

Large Intestine: Takes water from the undigested materials

Rectum, Anus

Circulatory

Function: Carries O2, CO2, food, waste disease fighting cells, &hormones through the body

*Direction of blood flow:

Heart

Veins Arteries

Capillaries

Heart: main organ of CS that pumps blood to all parts of the body

Artery: thickest blood vessel that carries blood high in oxygen AWAY from the heart.

Capillary: thinnest blood vessel that connects arteries & veins and where the actual exchange of materials takes place.

Vein: blood vessel that carries blood high in carbon dioxide TOWARD the heart.

Blood: carries food and oxygen to the body and takes away waste from cells

White Blood Cells: fight disease

Respiratory

Function: take in oxygen and take out carbon dioxide and some water out of the body

*Direction of air movement:

nose trachea bronchi (into the lungs) bronchioles alveoli

Nose

Trachea: large tube that carries air to the bronchi

Larynx

Bronchi: tube that connects the trachea and lungs

Lungs: main organ of the RS

Alveoli: A tiny air sac where gas exchange takes place

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles: strong muscles below and around the lungs that help in breathing

Excretory

*Function: take out waste from

the body

Direction of urine movement:

Body kidney ureter

Urinary bladder urethra

*Urine is made of waste, extra water, and salt

*Perspiration (sweat): liquid waste that leaves the body through the skin and helps control the body temperature

Kidney: main organ of the ES where urine is made

Ureter: a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

Urinary bladder

Urethra: a tube that carries urine out of the body

Liver, Skin

!!!How do your lungs, kidneys, & skin remove (take away) waste from your body???

Lungs: breathe out CO2

Kidney: make urine

Skin: perspiration (sweat)

Nervous

Function: controls ALL the activities of the body: it’s the “boss”

Two parts of nervous system:

1. Central Nervous system (CNS): made up of brain and spinal cord, controls all activities of the body.

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): made up of all the nerves outside of CNS, and carries messages between CNS to the all parts of the body

Brain: control center of our body functions

Spinal cord: connects brain with the rest of the body

Nerves: nerve cells

	Created by D Arora about 8 years ago

Notes collated for Stage 4 Science Revision