Patho Final

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Acronym for early stroke awareness

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What does the 'F' in FAST stand for?

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Movement of arms like a 'C' inward toward spinal cord is called:

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A transient ischemic attack or 'TIA' usually

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Hemiplegia describes paralysis involving

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Clinical manifestations of CVA include:

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Types of ischemic stroke are:

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Cells involved in clearing blood debris of a hemorrhagic stroke include:

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What are clinical manifestations of hemorrhagic stroke?

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Decerebrate posturing is described as:

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Neurological symptoms of a stroke appear as:

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Pt is exhibiting signs of right brain stroke, which side of the body will you see s/s?

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Documenting a pt as lethargic means

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Pt only opens eyes w/ vigorous and repeated stimulation

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Increased intracranial pressure causes decrease in cerebral perfusion

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The most common cause of osteomyelitis is:

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The pathogenesis of osteoporosis involves:

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RA begins with:

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The causes of OA include which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)

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Ankylosing spondylitis: (More than one answer may be correct.)

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In gout:

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A muscle contracture is:

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Sprains:

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osteo-

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condro-

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Rhabdo-

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myo-

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artho-

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muscle diagnosis in which there is muscle weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fiber

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A sarcoma is a group of tumors arising from connective tissue

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Arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease characterized by damage or destruction in the _ or _ and by systematic signs of inflammation (select all that apply)

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Non-inflammatory disease caused by a progression of loss in cartilage

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Non-infectious disease caused by an autoimmune reaction

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Sclerosis of bone underneath the cartilage and formation of bone spurs is possible with _____

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_____ has a higher incidence in the elderly and is primarily idiopathic

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Chronic condition caused by deterioration of cartilage (damaging chondrocytes). Cartilage becomes thin, flaky, then absent. Bone surfaces become less protected and therefore pt experiences pain upon weight bearing and mobilization

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Risk factors for _____ include: advancing age, joint trauma, long-term mechanical stress, drugs, obesity, and endocrine DOs

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Clinical manifestations of _____ include: deformity/nodules at ends of digits, worsening pain with activity, and asymmetrical symptoms

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Pain worsens with activity

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AM pain/stiffness diminishes in about 30 minutes after getting out of bed

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Diagnosis of _____ can be done with an x-ray

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An inflammatory autoimmune joint disease, primarily involving damage to the connective tissue in the synovial membrane. Cause is unknown, but multifactorial contributors and genetic predisposition have been noted

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Neutrophils and other cells in synovial fluid become activated and thicken becoming inflammatory exudate. Joint become swollen and inflamed. Inflammation causes small venules to become occluded w/ cells --> decrease in vascular flow to the joint. Inflammatory cytokines induce enzymatic breakdown of cartilage and bone.

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Pannus, which is associated with _____, grows over the articular surface and causes destruction

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Pain worsens w/ rest

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Morning pain/stiffness lasts 1+ hours after getting out of bed

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Clinical manifestations of _____ include: fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, joint pain/stiffness/tenderness, joints warm to touch, deformity (swan hands). and decreased ROM. Symptoms occur symmetrically

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Starts in fingers and wrists w/ later involvement in weight bearing joints (ankles & feet).

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Complications of _____ include: systemic effects including skin, cardiac valves, pericardium, pleura, lung parenchyma, and spleen; formation of nodules w/ central tissue necrosis and proliferation of connective tissue

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Blood tests are used to diagnose _____

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Osteomyelitis is most commonly caused by a _____ infection.

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_____ osteomyelitis may originate from an open wound, open fracture, penetrating wound, or surgical procedure

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_____ osteomyelitis may originate from pathogens carried in the blood from sites of infection elsewhere in the body

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Clinical manifestations of _____ include: acute or chronic inflammation, fever, pain, and necrotic bone.

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As you age, the amount of cartilage in your body starts to build up

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Fibrous connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone

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band of fibrous connective tissue that connects bones where they meet in a joint

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tearing or stretching of a muscle or tendon is commonly known as a:

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Ligament tears are commonly known as:

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What makes up the CNS

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What makes up the PNS

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The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are components of the _____ nervous system

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What are the types of pain?

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In promoting health maintenance for prevention of strokes, the nurse understands that the highest risk for the most common type of CVA is seen in

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the name given to a collection of language disorders caused by damage to the brain. loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage

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the name given to a collection of language disorders caused by damage to the brain. loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage. With speech, the messages from the brain to the mouth are disrupted, and the person cannot move his or her lips or tongue

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is the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific

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means 'weakness'

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means paralysis or no movement at all

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Which is not a neuromodulator of pain?

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An individual shows flexion in upper extremities and extension in lower extremities. This is:

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Alzheimer disease:

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Dystonia is:

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Confusion:

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Coma:

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TIAs are:

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Which is a risk factor for the development of CVAs?

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Which most typically characterizes the victims of a cerebral embolic stroke

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Ruptured aneurysms are most likely in which of the following cerebrovascular accidents.

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Pain is a compensatory mechanism to stabalize the environment and maintain homeostasis

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Not all pain involves tissue injury, release of chemical (inflammatory), mediators, and sensitization of spinal cord neurons

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The _____ Theory asserts that non-painful input 'closes' the gates to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the CNS.

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These fibers are associated w/ 'fast' pain

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These fibers are associated w/ 'slow' pain

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Nociceptors are free nerve ending in the _____ PNS

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_____ are widespread in the superficial layers of the skin, periosteum, arterial walls, and joint surfaces

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_____ are myelinated

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_____ fibers are associated with mechanical or thermal stimulation (needle stick, knife cut, acute burn) and are transmitted in less than 0.1 seconds

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associated with acute pain

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_____ fibers are stimulated by chemicals, mechanically, or thermally. Some examples include aches, throbbing, and nauseous pain

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_____ fibers transmit signals at a rate of over 1 second

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Associated w/ chronic pain

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Neuromodulators are messengers released from a neuron in the _____, or in the periphery that affects groups of neurons or effector cells that have the appropriate receptors.

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_____ trigger responsiveness

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Choose the following tissue injury neuromodulators

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Choose the following excitatory neuromodulators

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_____ pain is a protective mechanism against immediate harm. It is the response of excessive adrenergic (sympathetic) activity

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Somatic, visceral, referred, and neuropathic pain are types of _____ pain

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pain in the body framework (skin, bones, muscle)

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pain in the organs of the body (chest pain, abdominal pain)

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pain felt in remote areas away from the original point of pain generation

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The disruption of nerves or hypersensitization of nerves.

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_____ pain occurs in ppl w/ DM

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_____ pain may be treated (off-label) w/ tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, or antiarrhythmics

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_____ pain lasts as little as a few seconds to as much as 3 months. There is a temporary or minor disruption in normal ADL's and lifestyle

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_____ pain persists more than 3 months. It imposes severe emotional, physical, economic, and social stresses on pts and their family

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Acute pain is a very costly health care problem. Is is usually caused from a complex underlying DO

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_____ pain affect employment, finances, family structure, social relationships

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Personality changes are apparent with chronic pain

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Negative health consequences of _____ pain include increased stress, decreased GI motility and appetite, increased blood clotting, delayed healing, decreased immune system, interference with sleep, and hormonal imbalances

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In the PQRST approach to pain assessment, which letter/factor involves what increases or decreases the pain level

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In the PQRST approach to pain assessment, which letter/factor involves a description of what the pain feels like (sharp, dull, hot, stinging, ect)

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In the PQRST approach to pain assessment, which letter/factor involves where the pain is (localized, referred)

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In the PQRST approach to pain assessment, which letter/factor involves rating the pain on a scale of 1-10

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In the PQRST approach to pain assessment, which letter/factor involves how long the pain has been present (acute, chronic)

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The _____ nervous system has motor and sensory pathways regulating voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle

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The somatic nervous system regulates _____ motor control

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The _____ nervous system has motor and sensory pathways regulating the body's internal environment thru involuntary control of organ systems

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The _____ nervous system controls the body's fight or flight response

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The _____ nervous system conserves the body's energy

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The _____ pathway is ascending and messages go from the body to the brain

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The _____ pathway is descending and messages travel from the brain to the body

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_____ neurons transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

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_____ neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to an effector organ

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_____ neurons transmit impulses from neuron to neuron

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A pts pain _____ is the lowest intensity of pain that a person can recognize

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A pt's pain _____ is the greatest intensity of pain that a person can endure

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_____ is a respiratory rate of less than 12 breathes a minute and is associated w/ neurological conditions, electrolyte disturbances, narcotic or barbituate OD, or is seen postanesthesia

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_____ results in a persistent respiratory rate of more than 20 breathes per minute and is associated with trauma, injury, stress, pain; respiratory, cardiac, or liver disease

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_____ is a cyclic breathing pattern characterized by shallow breathing alternating w/ periods of apnea. They are associated with neurologic problems, head trauma, brain abscess, and heatstroke

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_____ is a cyclic breathing pattern characterized by periods of respirations of increased rate and depth alternating w/ periods of apnea. They are associated w/ CHF, drug OD, increased intracranial pressure, and impending death

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_____ are respirations of increased rate and depth and are associated w/ metabolic acidosis, DKA, and renal failure

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Which of the following shows the stages of altered consciousness

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loss of ability to think, impaired judgement and decision making

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beginning loss of consciousness, unable to tell name, place, or time

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limited spontaneous movement or speech; easy arousal w/ normal speech or touch; may or may not be oriented to time, place, and person

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mild to moderate reduction in arousal w/ limited response to environment; fall asleep unless stimulated verbally or tactilely; answer questions w/ minimal responses

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condition of deep sleep or unresponsiveness; opens eyes only w/ vigorous and repeated stimulation

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no verbal response to external environment or to any stimuli

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Patho Quiz on Patho Final, created by Nicole Buda on 22/08/2016.

Patho Final

Acronym for early stroke awareness

What does the 'F' in FAST stand for?

Movement of arms like a 'C' inward toward spinal cord is called:

A transient ischemic attack or 'TIA' usually

Hemiplegia describes paralysis involving

Clinical manifestations of CVA include:

Types of ischemic stroke are:

Cells involved in clearing blood debris of a hemorrhagic stroke include:

What are clinical manifestations of hemorrhagic stroke?

Decerebrate posturing is described as:

Neurological symptoms of a stroke appear as:

Pt is exhibiting signs of right brain stroke, which side of the body will you see s/s?

Documenting a pt as lethargic means

Pt only opens eyes w/ vigorous and repeated stimulation

Increased intracranial pressure causes decrease in cerebral perfusion

The most common cause of osteomyelitis is:

The pathogenesis of osteoporosis involves:

RA begins with:

The causes of OA include which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)

Ankylosing spondylitis: (More than one answer may be correct.)

Arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease characterized by damage or destruction in the _ or _ and by systematic signs of inflammation (select all that apply)