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Bones have two membranes, the ______________ and the ________________.
The periosteum lines the _______ surface, and the endosteum lines the ____________ ____________.
The periosteum has two layers: the fibrous layer that contains ________ and the ________ layer that produces osteoblasts from progenitor cells.
___________ fibres connect the periosteum to the bone and they connected to the lamellae, which are the layers of bone.
The periosteum has nerve endings.
True or false
What are the two types of bone development/ossification?
Intramembranous development occurs in ________ bones that originate from mesenchymal stem cells.
Intramembranous ossification begins with sheets of ____________ ____________ which contain osteoblasts. They secreate their matrix which later hardens and forms cancellous bone.
Endochondral ossification forms __________ bone from _________ cartilage.
(Endochondral ossification)
The hyaline cartilage serves as a model for the shape bones need to be, but before ossification occurs, the ____________ must die.
(Endochondral ossification)
As the blood vessels enter the cartilage, the chondrocytes begin their death in the _________.
(Endochondral ossification)
As spongy bones begin to form, the _________ ____________ site is created. from this site, osteoblasts move to transform the cartilage to ________ bone.
(Endochondral ossification)
Afterwards, osteoclasts destroy some of the new spongy bone for the _________ __________. Cartilage remains at the epiphysis and continues to increase in length.
After birth, ossification of the epiphysis at the ___________ ossification site begins, which is the same as in the diaphysis, expect the ______ bone is not broken down.
The small region that remains between the diaphysis and epiphysis is called the
After early adulthood, bones cease to increase in length but do increase in ___________.
Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and ________ or ________ regulate bone growth.
Vertebrate bones are composed of a substance called ___________________, which is made of calcium phosphate.
What are the three types of bone cells?
____________ produce osteoid (a nonmineral matrix) that is eventually mineralized and harden to become bone.
Osteocytes are
Osteoclasts are
Lacunae are small cavity within the bone matrix, containing an ____________, and from which ________ radiate and penetrate the adjacent lamellae to the canaliculi of neighboring lacunae, thus forming a system of cavities interconnected by minute canals.
Canaliculi are small canals where extensions of __________ reach one another and are able to ____________________.
Haversian canals are tubes that allow _____________ ____________ and ___________ to pass through bone.
_____________ are large multinucleated cells, like macrophages, derived from the hematopoietis lineage.
Osteoclasts are characterized by a _______ edge where active resorption takes place with the secretion of bone-resorbing enzymes.
Our bone cells are responsible for bone ___________, ___________ and ___________.
