Omtenta VT16 Environmental Psychology

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Question 1 of 18

Why is Kurt Lewin considered an important contributor to the emergence of environmental psychology as a distinct subdiscipline of psychology?

Select one or more of the following:

Because he encouraged researchers to approach their target phenomenon from the point of view of "psychological ecology", by studying "nonpsychological" data to find out what they mean for the boundary conditions of the life of the individual or group.
Because he called attention to the manner in which behavior corresponds closely with the physical arrangements in specific behavior settings.
Because he challenged the notion that psychological research is best done in a laboratory and called on researchers to study the behavior of people as they act in the environments of everyday life, in naturally occurring events.
Because he convincingly argued that people's behavior in an environment cannot be understood without referring to differences between people, as with personality.

Explanation

Question 2 of 18

Why is Roger Barker considered an important contributor to the emergence of environmental psychology as a distinct subdiscipline of psychology?

Select one or more of the following:

Because he encouraged researchers to approach their target phenomenon from the point of view of "psychological ecology", by studying "nonpsychological data to find out what they mean for the boundary conditions of the life of the individual or group.
Because he was the teacher of Kurt Lewin.
Because he emphasized the contributions made by both the distinctive individual person and the environment to behavior, B = f(P,E).
Because he argued that psychology has to view the life space, including the person and his or her environment, as one field.
None of the above

Explanation

Question 3 of 18

Which of the following is true of social design as described by Robert Sommer?

Select one or more of the following:

Behavioral scientists can contribute to the process with to user-needs analysis.
Eventual users of the planned building contribute to the design process.
It is informed by on-going design research and post-occupancy evaluations.
It is meant to expand the power of professionals like architects to determine the form of the built environment.

Explanation

Question 4 of 18

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

In the lecture on problems, paradigms and processes-. three forms of "gap" were described as being of concern in the environment-behavior-design research field. Match the gaps to the descriptions below.

(A given gap might not fit with any of the descriptions below, or it might fit with one or more of them. If none of the gaps fits with a description, then write an “X” in the blank. 1 point for each correct match. 4 possible matches.)

a. applicability gap b. user-needs gap c. client-client gap
Findings from behavioral and social research are often abstract and it is not always clear how they should be translated into specific features in the physical environment.
Residents may have aesthetic preferences that differ greatly from those of the architect who has been employed to design some new building in their community.
Architects and others who are entrusted with the responsibility for designing new housing, workplaces, institutions, and other built environments may not understand the needs of the people who will live in the homes, work in the offices. and so forth.
The people who pay for a building project like new multi-family housing may not understand the needs of the people who will use the new building.

Explanation

Question 5 of 18

Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) is a method applied in environment-behavior-design research. Which of the following statements about POE is true?

Select one or more of the following:

It includes a range of techniques, from energy assessment to water consumption analyses to interviews and surveys carried out with the occupants of the building.
It ordinarily focuses on specific cases and is intended to identify and solve problems.
It is not primarily concerned with estimates of the strength of relationships between environmental variables and behavior that can be generalized to a broad population.
Results of POEs sometimes do not get published because the people responsible for the design of the building are embarrassed about how poorly their new building performs. Thus, designers do not learn from past mistakes, and those mistakes get repeated.
It can help to gain insights on possible modifications of a building or constructed setting.
It may take into consideration a wide range of criteria for building success. such as the amount of energy used by occupants as well as occupant satisfaction.
Access and cooperation from the occupants is necessary for a POE to go ahead.
In the best case it is incorporated in a cyclic process through which it informs the design and construction of similar projects in the future.

Explanation

Question 6 of 18

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Match the correct research paradigm to each of the topics discussed by Saegert and Winkel (1990).

a. opportunity structure paradigm
b. Sociocultural paradigm
c. adaptation paradigm

environmental cues to social disorganization and the potential for crime
coping with threats and demands from the environment
“ … one of environmental psychology's main metaphors for environmental knowing, the cognitive map”
time-geography; human interaction as a path-allocation problem in space and time
the meanings assigned to environments, and the communication of meanings by environments as triggers to behavior
child safety
capability, coupling and steering constraints
environmental supports for psychological restoration

Explanation

Question 7 of 18

Which of the following is true with regard to the meta-analysis by Peen et al. (2010) concerned with urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders?

Select one or more of the following:

The study of a possible association between urbanization and psychopathology is complicated by variation across studies in definitions of "urban" and "rural."
Looking at studies of mood disorders, they found that many of the available studies did not find a difference between the rural and urban areas under consideration.
Although some studies did find greater odds of mood disorders for the people in the urban areas under study, the overall effect suggested that mood disorders were more prevalent among people living in rural areas.
The study of a possible association between urbanization and psychopathology is complicated by variation across places and times in diagnoses and measures of psychological disorders.
The study of a possible association between urbanization and psychopathology is complicated by variation across places in how urbanization is expressed in changes in the physical environment.
None of the above is true.

Explanation

Question 8 of 18

What would the following data discussed in the lecture on city and countryside tell us about civility (courteous behavior)and the behavioral modelling of civility in settings common in cities? In addition to the size of the city's population, density here is considered in an immediate sense; it refers to whether the observations at the entrance to a large department store were made during a weekday morning (relatively few people, low density) or on a weekend (many people, high density).

Select one or more of the following:

The importance of having someone model courteous behavior appears to depend on the size of the city.
The immediate density experienced at the entrance to the store appears to have little effect on courteous behavior.
The immediate density has a much greater effect in Nantes than in Paris.
The people observed in both Paris and Nantes tended to be more courteous (i.e., they hold the door open for the person coming behind them) under high density conditions (i.e., relatively many people around) than under low density conditions.
The people observed in both Paris and Nantes tended to be more courteous when the person in front of them held the door open for them, compared to those people who had to open the door for themselves.
The overall population density alone is not the only determinant of courteous behavior in a particular situation.

Explanation

Question 9 of 18

Lofland argued that cities offer people an abundance of opportunity for experiencing pleasure through interactions with others, and she made a proposal regarding some sources of such interactional pleasure in cities. Which of the following are among the sources of interactional pleasure as discussed by Lofland?

Select one or more of the following:

Playfulness
Fractal imagery
People-watching
Public solitude
Perceptual innuendo
Public sociability

Explanation

Question 10 of 18

Which of the following is true about the demand-control model (DCM) of Karasek and Theorell versus the effort-reward imbalance model (ERIM) of Siegrist?

Select one or more of the following:

In the ERIM, demands are seen to come from within the person as well as from external sources, while in the DCM demands are seen as having an external source.
According to the ERIM, heavy demands will do less harm to a person if he or she is rewarded fairly, while according to the DCM, heavy demands will do less harm if the person can exercise control over how he or she carries out the work.
The ERIM emphasizes the importance of hard work being recognized with an appropriate reward, whereas the DCM model does not so much concern itself with reciprocity between an employer and a worker.
The importance of individual differences is recognized in the DCM with the concept of personal need for control, or critical coping, whereas the ERIM pays little attention to individual differences.
Control in the ERIM includes control over the continuity of rewards that come with being employed, while in the DCM control refers to the control over how tasks are done.
All of the above are true.

Explanation

Question 11 of 18

Briefly explain the concept of status control as used in the effort-reward imbalance model (ERIM) of Siegrist. Also, why is it a particularly important concept for understanding occupational health in a time of high unemployment? (6p på riktiga tentan)

Är detta svar sant eller falskt?

Folk arbetar hårt för att behålla status, trots low reward. Folk är sedan villiga att anstränga sig extra mycket när det är arbetslöshet, på grund av att det blir extra lätt att bli kickad plus att man ofta inte har något val. MEN då blir det högre risk för hjärtsjukdomar!

High effort --> low reward --> ilska

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 12 of 18

According to Eric Sundstrom, which of the following are pathways through which unwanted sounds (noise) in the workplace can negatively affect work-related outcomes? (The arrows below indicate the direction of the assumed effects; for example, in "a" below, noise is depicted as affecting overload, which in turn is depicted as affecting performance of complex tasks).

Select one or more of the following:

noise --> overload --> performance of complex tasks
noise --> arousal --> performance of simple tasks
noise --> overload --> insensitivity to social cues
noise --> arousal --> performance of complex tasks

Explanation

Question 13 of 18

Which of the following are among the key findings from the analyses by Kim and de Dear (2013) based on post-occupancy evaluation data concerning workers' experiences with open-plan offices?

Select one or more of the following:

High percentages of workers expressed dissatisfaction with sound privacy if they worked in an open-plan office.
Dissatisfaction with the workplace environment overall was lowest among those in enclosed private offices.
Occupants in open-plan offices are more satisfied with the ease of interaction with co-workers than people who work in other kinds of offices, and this more than compensates for any negative impacts of the open-plan layout on impaired privacy and noise.
The percentage of workers who expressed dissatisfaction with ease of interaction was very high in all office types.

Explanation

Question 14 of 18

According to Evans and colleagues (2003), which of the following are pathways through which housing plausibly can affect residents?

Select one or more of the following:

floor level -› amount of social interaction -› symptoms of depression
housing quality -› self-esteem -› identification
housing location -› access to social support -› life opportunities
floor level -› gender -› sense of control
floor level -› access to outdoor play -› child development
floor level -› gender -› child development
All of the above

Explanation

Question 15 of 18

Which of the following are among common concerns in efforts to determine whether poor quality housing negatively affects health?

Select one or more of the following:

There are many experimental studies in which people have been randomly assigned to live several years in poor versus good quality housing; however, such studies have rarely controlled for important individual differences such as age and gender.
People may exaggerate their health problems when an intervention offers the possibility of a move into better housing, so that subsequent improvement in health is overstated.
People in poor health may move into poor quality housing.
Poverty may mean that a person only has access to poor quality housing, but poverty may also negatively affect health in ways other than through poor housing.

Explanation

Question 16 of 18

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

A social ecological model of stress and restoration was presented in the concluding lecture. The model is constituted of three basic assumptions, which are given below. Which one of the assumptions best reflects the central concerns of each of the paradigms for research on environment and behavior, as described by Saegert and Winkel (1990) and discussed throughout the course?

Assumption 1: People cycle through stress arousal and restoration processes.
Assumption 2: Stress-restoration cycles are regulated by activity cycles.
Assumption 3: Social, economic and other structural factors influence individuals' activity cycles.

sociocultural paradigm
opportunity structure paradigm
adaptation paradigm

Explanation

Question 17 of 18

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

According to Misra and Stokols (2012), what four general environmental orientations can be distinguished in the Internet age?

a. Place-based
b. Cyber-based
c. Place-cyber
d. Place-less

Personen är kopplad till den riktiga världen och inte kopplad till den virtuella världen. Identitet och tillfredsställande av behov kommer främst från riktiga settings. Dessa individer är bortkopplade från virtuella settings. Bortkopplandet från den virtuella världen kan antingen ske genom eget val (t.ex. vägrar internet trots har ekonomiska medel till detta) eller ofrivilligt bortkopplad.

Identitet och tillfredställande av behov kommer främst från virtuella settings och dessa individer är bortkopplade från reella settings.

Identitet och tillfredsställande av behov kommer från både riktiga och virtuella settings.

Identitet och tillfredsställande av behov (socioemotionella och interpersonella behov) kommer varken från den riktiga eller virtuella settings. exempel från texten är typ här är att kan vara hemlös eller om ny i landet och inte har den virtuella eller reella världen.

Explanation

Question 18 of 18

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Look at the results presented in the table and figure below. They come from a study by Evans and Carrere with a sample of bus drivers in Los Angeles, California. Identify the variables in the mediation model they tested, and the evidence in support of mediation that they provided.

Answer true or false in all blanks.

Which is the initial variable assumed to be affecting the other two variables?
Adrenaline?
Traffic congestion?
Perceived control?

Which variable is the proposed mediator?
Adrenaline?
Traffic congestion?
Perceived control?

Which variable is the outcome of interest?
Adrenaline?
Traffic congestion?
Perceived control?

Explanation

	Created by Felicia Sundström about 7 years ago