Test
PHYS20008
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Preguntas del test (23)
1If 90% of the RMP is due to the relatively higher permeability of potassium ions? The other 10% due to sodium/ potassium [blank_start]active[blank_end] transport pump (maintains ion concentration)
- Aactive
2the plateau in membrane potential vs time graph represent [blank_start]repolarisation[blank_end]
- Arepolarisation
3The structure of the neuromuscular junction ensures that an action potential in the alpha motor neuron always results in an [blank_start]action potential[blank_end] in the post-synaptic muscle fibre. CNS synapses do not guarantee this.
- Aaction potential
4The neuromuscular junction is a synapse between [blank_start]a[blank_end] neuron (alpha motor neuron) and a muscle fibre. CNS synapses connect [blank_start]two[blank_end] neurons.
- Aa
- Btwo
5The [blank_start]graded potential[blank_end] generated by a neuromuscular junction has a much larger voltage than that of a CNS synapse.
Alpha motor neurons receive input from many different sources, the balance of which determines whether or not the alpha-motor neuron fires an action potential
reflexes such as the muscle [blank_start]spindle reflex[blank_end] in response to increased muscle length, will always excite the alpha-motor neuron with [blank_start]EP[blank_end]SPs
These will inhibit alpha motor neurone: brain motor cortex, cerebellum inputs, local spinal cord interneurons and the [blank_start]Golgi tendon[blank_end] organ reflex. But not he muscle spindle reflex.
The principle which explains the action potential firing based on neuron size is called Henneman's size principle
Slow twitch fibres (small alpha motor neuron body) are always recruited first due to its small size- Agraded potential
- Bspindle reflex
- CEP
- DGolgi tendon
6The extra load led to an increase in the force his muscles were exerting, which activated his __________, causing reflex inhibition of his alpha motor neurons
- Agolgi tendon organs
- Bmuscle spindles
7Golgi tendon organs lead to reflex [blank_start]inhibi[blank_end]tion of the muscle in which they are embedded. Remember that golgi tendon organs are responsive to [blank_start]force[blank_end], thus the negative feedback system here is to [blank_start]relax[blank_end] muscles exerting too much force.
Muscle spindles lead to reflex [blank_start]excita[blank_end]tion of the muscle in which they are embedded in response to stretch. Muscle spindle will lead to reflex inhibition of the [blank_start]antagonistic[blank_end] muscle to the one in which it is embedded (i.e. if a spindle is activated in the biceps, it will lead to excitation of the biceps, but inhibition of the triceps).- Aforce
- Brelax
- Cexcita
- Dinhibi
- Eantagonistic
8[blank_start]Smooth[blank_end] Muscle requires the activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) to initiate a contraction
- ASmooth
9As venous return decreases (etc etc) the baroreceptor (located in carotid sinus and aortic arch) signalling will [blank_start]de[blank_end]crease.
During light exercise MAP will [blank_start]in[blank_end]crease and during high intensity exercise MAP will [blank_start]in[blank_end]crease.- Ade
- Bin
- Cin
10what will increase FEV1.0/FVC ratio
- Arestrictive lung disease
- Bobstructive lung disease
11When ingesting a large amount of water without any solute, ECF osmolarity [blank_start]de[blank_end]creases as volume increases.
A larger volume in the ECF leads to a larger blood plasma volume, leading to increased mean arterial pressure. Changes in volume and osmolarity are sensed in the body and integrated in the hypothalamus; the response is to decrease vasopressin release from the [blank_start]pos[blank_end]terior pituitary, in order to decrease water reabsorption in the kidney and to subsequently cause a diuresis. Furthermore, there is less renin release, which is usually released in response to a decrease in blood volume/blood pressure. Decreased [blank_start]renin[blank_end] leads to a decrease in angiotensin II levels, as [blank_start]renin[blank_end] converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II. As such, less [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end] is released, as angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release. This then leads to decreased kidney sodium reabsorption. In the case of hypervolemia, we want to get rid of water in order to bring our ECF osmolarity back to normal. Although aldosterone would help to maintain ECF sodium, it also acts to increase water reabsorption, which is counterproductive. Hence, we get a decrease in aldosterone release and we end up excreting dilute urine.- Ade
- Bpos
- Crenin
- Drenin
- Ealdosterone
12Only solutes are reabsorbed in [blank_start]as[blank_end]cending loop of henle
Fluid in this area flows in the opposite direction to the luminal fluid in the loop of Henle.
Luminal fluid is at it's highest concentration of 1200 mOsM in this l[blank_start]oop of henle[blank_end].
Only water is reabsorbed in this [blank_start]des[blank_end]cending loop of henle- Aas
- Bdes
- Coop of henle
13In the fasted state, [blank_start]glucagon[blank_end] will likely to be exerting the strongest effect
Free fatty acids from adipose tissue do not appear in the blood stream at the same rate as they are broken down during a prolonged bout of exercise due to blood flow being redirected from adipose tissue.- Aglucagon
14During high intensity exercise, there is an increase in fat oxidation as this system has the highest capacity.
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
15Which statement is/are correct
- APlasma glucose increases due to an increase in glucose output from the liver.
- BAs hyperglycemia develops, blood pressure will decrease, causing an increase in osmolarity and stimulating thirst.
- CThe satiety centre in the brain is insulin sensitive and will interpret this situation as starvation, causing polyphagia.
- DThere is an increase in ketone production from the liver as it cannot send all free fatty acids through the citric acid cycle .
- EFat and protein stores are both mobilised in order to provide energy to the body, leading to tissue loss.
16In the fasted state of which of the following processes is/are working to maintain plasma glucose concentration?
- AGlycolysis
- BGlycogenolysis
- CGluconeogenesis
- DGlycogenesis
17Progesterone may be secreted from:
-[blank_start]granulosa[blank_end] cells of the follicle
-the corpus luteum
-the [blank_start]placenta[blank_end]
The following effects are mediated by oestrogen in the lead-up to birth:
-Increasing gap junctions in the myometrium
-enlargemnt of the breasts
-increasing the number of [blank_start]oxytocin receptors[blank_end] in the myometrium
In males, stimulation of Sertoli cells by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) results in which of the following effects?
-Release of [blank_start]inhibin[blank_end] which suppresses FSH release
-Release of androgen-binding protein which [blank_start]sequesters testosterone[blank_end] in the testes
-Release of cell products (various growth factors, enzymes, etc.) which nourish developing sperm
-not the release of testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis- Agranulosa
- Bplacenta
- Coxytocin receptors
- Dinhibin
- Esequesters testosterone
18Gastric emptying can be affected by two main factors: g[blank_start]astric motility[blank_end], and activity of the [blank_start]pyloric sphincter[blank_end]. The former is primarily regulated by the [blank_start]autonomic[blank_end] and [blank_start]enteric[blank_end] nervous systems, as well as the feed-forward “long reflexes” mediated by the [blank_start]central[blank_end] nervous system.
The pyloric sphincter is controlled by a variety of factors- fat content of the [blank_start]duodenum[blank_end], acid content in the [blank_start]duodenum[blank_end], volume of chyme in the [blank_start]stomach[blank_end], etc.
[blank_start]In[blank_end]creased acid production by the stomach, or a highly [blank_start]fatty[blank_end] meal will ultimately result in a slower release of chyme from the stomach.
The gastroesophageal sphincter is anatomically irrelevant to the passage of food from the stomach into the small intestine.
Water absorption in the small or large intestine also should not have a severe effect on the rate of gastric emptying (remember that water is absorbed by bulk flow along with other particles, thus should affect the tonicity of the contents).
Finally, chyme is not absorbed through the stomach lining, only limited components of it. For the stomach to empty of chyme, it must pass through the pyloric sphincter.- Aastric motility
- Bpyloric sphincter
- Cautonomic
- Denteric
- Ecentral
- Fduodenum
- Gduodenum
- Hstomach
- IIn
- Jfatty
19To determine if the issue (slow digestion due to food remaining in stomach) is caused by a local effect on the pyloric sphincter, or a nervous system effect, it would be wise to test for 1) fat and [blank_start]pH[blank_end] in the duodenum, and 2) nervous system function, including stress levels which could be activating the sympathetic nervous system. Protein content in the duodenum does not affect gastric emptying, and the other “incorrect” options are covered in the previous explanation.
- ApH
20[blank_start]High[blank_end] acid content in the duodenum constricts the pyloric sphincter and [blank_start]slows[blank_end] gastric emptying.
Acid content of the stomach does not directly affect this process until, of course, that acidic chyme passes into the duodenum.
[blank_start]Acid[blank_end] content in the stomach also has little impact on gastric motility.
The primary role of [blank_start]secretin[blank_end] is to stimulate bicarbonate release from the pancreas to neutralise acid in the duodenum. While it may have a small effect on gastric motility, it is not likely to be the primary cause of the decreased gastric emptying.
The increased levels of acid in the duodenum could be due to two potential mechanisms:
1) increased acid production by the stomach which is passing into the duodenum, or
2) decreased levels of [blank_start]bicarbonate[blank_end] being released from the pancreas to neutralise the acid in the duodenum.
Acid production by the gastric glad is increased by gastrin, histamine and acetylcholine (released by parasympathetic nerves, but not an option in this question).
Acid production is inhibited by [blank_start]somatostatin[blank_end] release as a negative feedback mechanism. The second possibility, decreased levels of bicarbonate being released from the pancreas, could be due either to decreased [blank_start]secretin[blank_end] released from the small intestine (the hormone which stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate), or potentially a blockage in the pancreatic ducts which release the bicarbonate into the duodenum.- AHigh
- Bslows
- CAcid
- Dsecretin
- Ebicarbonate
- Fsomatostatin
- Gsecretin
2175% of vague nerve fibres are [blank_start]parasym[blank_end]pathetic
- Aparasym
22most sensory pathway projects to the [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end]
- Athalamus
23[blank_start]Macula[blank_end]: center of the visual field
[blank_start]forvea[blank_end]: point of the sharpest vision
optic disk: blind spot. where blood vessel and optic nerve leaves the eye
[blank_start]retina[blank_end]: the layer containing photoreceptors- AMacula
- Bforvea
- Cretina
Información
- Descripción
- Test sobre PHYS20008, creado por Shene Chiou el 07/11/2017.
- Autor
- Shene Chiou
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 0
- Historial
- Creado el 7 nov 2017 · actualizado el 9 nov 2017
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