Industrial Inorganic Chemistry

What metals are in the reactivity series? [blank_start]Potassium[blank_end],sodium,lithium,[blank_start]calcium[blank_end],magnesium,[blank_start]aluminium[blank_end],[blank_start]carbon[blank_end],[blank_start]zinc[blank_end],iron,[blank_start]tin[blank_end],[blank_start]lead[blank_end],[blank_start]hydrogen[blank_end],copper,[blank_start]silver[blank_end],gold,platinum

What are the two methods of extracting metals from their ores?

The method chosen to extract metals are determined by the reactivity of the metal being extracted.

What happens in a displacement reaction?

Carbon is used to reduce metals from their ores. Is it because they are less reactive than the moderately reactive metals?

What are the raw materials needed for the extraction of iron? [blank_start]Haematite[blank_end],[blank_start]limestone[blank_end],coke and [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end]

1.) Coke and [blank_start]haematite[blank_end] are continuously added to the [blank_start]top[blank_end] of the furnace. 2.) [blank_start]Hot-air[blank_end] is [blank_start]blown[blank_end] into the base of the furnace. 3.) Coke reacts with [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] at the base to produce carbon dioxide. 4.) The [blank_start]carbon dioxide rises up[blank_end] the furnace and reacts with even more coke to produce the main reducing agent - [blank_start]carbon monoxide[blank_end]. 5.) Carbon monoxide [blank_start]reduces[blank_end] the haematite. 7.) Limestone is added to [blank_start]remove impurities[blank_end]. It [blank_start]thermally decomposes.[blank_end] 8.) Calcium oxide reacts with the [blank_start]impurities of haematite[blank_end] to produce slag. 9.) [blank_start]Molten[blank_end] iron and [blank_start]slag[blank_end] sinks to the base of the furnace.

What is the chemical equation of the reduction of haematite?

This is the thermal decomposition of limestone. CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) -> CaSiO3 (l)

1.) The tilting furnace is charged with [blank_start]scrap steel[blank_end] (for recycling) and pig iron ([blank_start]iron produced in a blast furnace[blank_end]). 2.) Oxygen is blown through an [blank_start]oxygen lance[blank_end]. 3.) The molten steel and impurities are poured out of the furnace when the furnace tilts in [blank_start]different directions.[blank_end]

Which of the below are alloy steels?

When iron rusts, it is actually being oxidized.

Which method of prevention of rust other than galvanising, requires a more reactive metal than iron to corrode?

1.) [blank_start]Zinc blende[blank_end] (ore of zinc) is heated strongly in [blank_start]air[blank_end]. It [blank_start]oxidizes[blank_end] the ore into [blank_start]zinc oxide[blank_end]. [blank_start]Sulfur dioxide[blank_end] is also produced. 2.) Zinc oxide burns with [blank_start]coke in a blast furnace[blank_end]. The ore is [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] and gives [blank_start]zinc vapor[blank_end] and [blank_start]carbon monoxide.[blank_end] 3.) Zinc vapor passes out of the furnace and is [blank_start]cooled[blank_end] and [blank_start]condensed[blank_end] into a liquid.

Copper must be purified by reduction because wires need impure copper to conduct electricity.

What is the difference between bauxite and alumina?

1.) Bauxite is treated with [blank_start]sodium hydroxide[blank_end] to obtain alumina. 2.) [blank_start]Alumina[blank_end] is dissolved in molten cryolite. 3.) [blank_start]Molten[blank_end] alumina and cryolite is electrolysed in a cell fitted with [blank_start]graphite electrodes.[blank_end]

Properties of ammonia?

1.) Nitrogen is obtained from [blank_start]air[blank_end], while hydrogen is obtained from [blank_start]natural gases[blank_end] by reaction with [blank_start]steam[blank_end] - raw materials 2.) The 2 gases are mixed in a ratio of [blank_start]1:3[blank_end] 3.) Compressed at a pressure of [blank_start]200atms[blank_end] and passed over many catalyst beds containing [blank_start]iron[blank_end]. The temperature of the converter is [blank_start]450'C[blank_end]. 4.) A mixture of gases leaves the converter. To separate the mixture, it is cooled down. Ammonia has a much [blank_start]higher[blank_end] point so it [blank_start]condenses[blank_end]. 5.) The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is sent back to the converter to be [blank_start]recycled[blank_end].

What type of fertiliser is 'nitram' and 'urea'?

What are the three essential nutrients required by plants - provided by fertilisers?

1.) Sulfur burns in air to produce [blank_start]sulfur dioxide[blank_end]. 2.) Gases are [blank_start]mixed[blank_end] and [blank_start]cleaned[blank_end] by [blank_start]electrostatic precipitation[blank_end] 3.) Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form [blank_start]sulfur trioxide[blank_end] 4.) Sulfur trioxide is [blank_start]dissolved[blank_end] in [blank_start]98% sulfuric acid[blank_end] - [blank_start]oleum[blank_end] is produced 5.) [blank_start]Water[blank_end] is added to oleum to produce [blank_start]dilute sulfuric acid[blank_end]

Properties of oleum (concentrated sulfuric acid)?

Dehydration is the removal of water or at least elements of water from a substance.

What are the three different types of electrolytic cells used in the electrolysis of concentrated brine?

Chlorine is produced at the anode. Hydrogen is produced at the cathode. Sodium ions (from NaCl) and hydroxide ions (from the water) combine together to form sodium hydroxide.

Powdered limestone is used to [blank_start]neutralise[blank_end] acidic soils and lakes acidified by [blank_start]acid rain[blank_end]. It is [blank_start]cheaper[blank_end] than lime. In the blast furnace, limestone is used to [blank_start]remove impurities[blank_end]. Limestone is also used to manufacture [blank_start]cement, concrete and sodium carbonate[blank_end].

Lime ([blank_start]quicklime[blank_end]) is [blank_start]calcium oxide[blank_end] and is produced by [blank_start]thermally decomposing[blank_end] limestone [blank_start](calcium carbonate[blank_end]) in a [blank_start]lime kiln[blank_end]. Lime is used in agriculture to neutralise soils and improve [blank_start]drainage[blank_end] in soils that consists of a large amount of [blank_start]clay[blank_end]. It is also used with sand and sodium carbonate in making [blank_start]glass[blank_end]. Lime can also be converted into [blank_start]slake[blank_end] lime ([blank_start]hydrated[blank_end] lime) which is [blank_start]calcium hydroxide[blank_end]. Equal amounts of lime and water are mixed to produce this substance. Hydrated lime is used to make [blank_start]bleaching powder[blank_end], for making glass, and for [blank_start]water purification[blank_end].

When limestone thermally decomposes to produce quick-lime, what is required?

How many things need to be taken into consideration when building a chemical processing plant?

What are the environmental problems for chemical plants?

Is recycling good for the environment?