15926187
Descripción
Test por Lukas Paulun, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Lukas Paulun
hace más de 5 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Three types of movements (antialphabetic):
- [blank_start]Voluntary[blank_end] movements
- [blank_start]Rhythmic[blank_end] movements
- [blank_start]Reflexes[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Voluntary
-
Rhythmic
-
Reflexes
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
The visuomotor delay is approximately [blank_start]200[blank_end] ms.
The proprioceptive delay is approximately [blank_start]50[blank_end] ms.
Respuesta
-
200
-
250
-
300
-
150
-
50
-
30
-
80
-
150
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic):
- [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] uncertainty
- [blank_start]motor[blank_end] noise
- [blank_start]sensory[blank_end] noise
Respuesta
-
environmental
-
motor
-
sensory
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The human body has "only" 600 muscles. Nonetheless motor control is very difficult, since the number of possible movement patterns increases [blank_start]exponentially[blank_end] with the [blank_start]degrees of freedom[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
exponentially
-
degrees of freedom
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The principle of [blank_start]redundancy[blank_end] means that there is a [blank_start]gap[blank_end] between high- and low-level specification. Any high level task can be achieved in [blank_start]infinitely[blank_end] many low level ways.
Respuesta
-
redundancy
-
gap
-
infinitely
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
[blank_start]Fitt's[blank_end] law describes the [blank_start]speed-accuracy[blank_end] trade-off.
Respuesta
-
Fitt's
-
speed-accuracy
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
In simple grasping tasks the paths of hand movements are usually [blank_start]straight[blank_end] and the speed profiles are [blank_start]bell-shaped[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
straight
-
bell-shaped
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
The two-thirds power law:
[blank_start]angular[blank_end] velocity ~ [blank_start]curvature[blank_end]^(2/3)
Respuesta
-
angular
-
curvature
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Three levels of analysis:
(1) [blank_start]Computational[blank_end]: What is the [blank_start]problem[blank_end] the brain is trying to solve?
(2) [blank_start]Algorithmic[blank_end]: What is the [blank_start]strategy[blank_end] to solve this problem?
(3) [blank_start]Neuronal[blank_end]: How is it done by the nervous system?
Respuesta
-
Computational
-
Algorithmic
-
Neuronal
-
problem
-
strategy
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
The forward model [blank_start]predicts behaviour[blank_end] based on [blank_start]motor commands[blank_end].
The inverse model [blank_start]calculates motor commands[blank_end] from [blank_start]desired behaviour[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
predicts behaviour
-
motor commands
-
calculates motor commands
-
desired behaviour
-
predicts motor commands
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Feedforward ([blank_start]open[blank_end]-loop) control:
Because of the delays in the sensorimotor system, open-loop control is used for [blank_start]short[blank_end] movements.
Disadvantages:
- [blank_start]Inaccuracies[blank_end] cannot be corrected
- [blank_start]Unexpected changes[blank_end] will not be taken into account
Respuesta
-
short
-
long
-
open
-
closed
-
Inaccuracies
-
Delays
-
Noise
-
Unexpected changes
-
Inaccuracies
-
Noise
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
In order for feedforward control to be sufficient, the [blank_start]inverse[blank_end] model would have to be perfect.
Respuesta
-
inverse
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Feedback (closed-loop) control can compensate for errors due to
Respuesta
-
neural noise
-
unexpected changes in the outside world
-
inaccurate motor commands
-
the sensorimotor delay
-
proprioception
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them.
After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g.
The experiment shows the subjects use
Respuesta
-
feedforward control.
-
feedback control.
-
both feedforward and feedback control.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
The [blank_start]gain[blank_end] factor is the amount by which the [blank_start]corrective[blank_end] motor command is increased or decreased per unit of error.
Respuesta
-
gain
-
corrective
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
[blank_start]High[blank_end] gain and [blank_start]high[blank_end] sensorimotor delay can lead to [blank_start]overcompensation[blank_end] and [blank_start]instabilities[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
High
-
Low
-
high
-
low
-
overcompensation
-
too little compensation
-
instabilities
-
a stable motor command
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
An [blank_start]efference[blank_end] copy is an internal copy of an outflowing ([blank_start]efferent[blank_end]), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.
Respuesta
-
efference
-
afference
-
efferent
-
afferent
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays:
(1) [blank_start]Intermittency[blank_end] of movements
(2) [blank_start]Prediction[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Intermittency
-
Prediction
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses [blank_start]motor commands to the eye[blank_end] in order to predict the eye's position.
Respuesta
-
motor commands to the eye
-
sensors in the eye muscles
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
What's the problem with using a forward model in feedback control to predict the position of a limb.
Respuesta
-
Errors accumulate over time.
-
Delay leads to instabilites.
-
Actually an inverse model would have to be used.
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Which are the main structures of the CNS involved in motor control?
Respuesta
-
pons
-
spinal cord: reflexes
-
brainstem: facial muscles
-
cerebral cortex as the generator
-
cerebellum
-
basal ganglia
-
medulla oblongata
-
hippocampus
-
dentate gyrus
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
A motor unit consists of [blank_start]a spinal motor neuron[blank_end] and [blank_start]the muscle fibres that it innervates.[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
a spinal motor neuron
-
a sensory interneuron
-
a pyramidal motor neuron
-
the muscle fibres that it innervates.
-
the motor neurons it projects to.
-
the disc in the spinal cord it projects
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
A muscle is typically innervated by [blank_start]a few hundred[blank_end] spinal motor neurons.
Respuesta
-
a few hundred
-
a few thousand
-
about 50
-
about 50.000
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
The [blank_start]innervation number[blank_end] tells how many muscle fibres a motor neuron innervates.
Respuesta
-
innervation number
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
The innervation number
Respuesta
-
indicates the increment in force when the motor unit is activated.
-
can be very different for the same muscle.
-
is the same for all neurons that project to one muscle
-
indicates the speed by which the muscle is activated
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
The muscle force is controlled by
Respuesta
-
recruitment (how many motor neurons of the unit fire)
-
the discharge rate of motor units
-
the innervation number of the motor unit
-
the axon diameter of the motor neuron
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Motor units differ in [blank_start]speed[blank_end] and maximum [blank_start]force[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
speed
-
force
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Recruitment:
[blank_start]Small[blank_end] motor neurons are recruited first because of the [blank_start]high[blank_end] resistance within their axon.
They have a [blank_start]lower[blank_end] innervation number and therefore produce [blank_start]less[blank_end] force.
Respuesta
-
Small
-
Large
-
high
-
low
-
lower
-
higher
-
less
-
more
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Spinal reflexes are [blank_start]involuntary[blank_end] and triggered by [blank_start]external stimuli[blank_end].
Despite classical theory they can be quite flexible.
Respuesta
-
involuntary
-
external stimuli
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
The withdrawal from a painful stimulus is called [blank_start]flexion-withdrawal[blank_end] reflex.
The [blank_start]flexor[blank_end] muscle is activated and the [blank_start]extensor[blank_end] muscle is inhibited.
This is called [blank_start]reciprocal innervation[blank_end].
The opposite effect happens on the [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] limb.
The force [blank_start]does[blank_end] (does or does not) depend on the stimulus intensity.
Respuesta
-
flexion-withdrawal
-
flexor
-
extensor
-
reciprocal innervation
-
contralateral
-
does
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The stretch reflex is a [blank_start]muscle contraction[blank_end] in response to stretching within the muscle.
The antagonist muscle is inhibited, this is called [blank_start]reciprocal innervation[blank_end].
The stretch reflex increases the [blank_start]stiffness[blank_end] of the muscle.
Respuesta
-
stiffness
-
muscle contraction
-
reciprocal innervation
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The areas of the cerebral cortex that are used in motor control:
- [blank_start]Primary motor cortex[blank_end] (M1)
- [blank_start]Premotor cortex[blank_end] (PM)
- [blank_start]Supplementary motor area[blank_end] (SMA)
Respuesta
-
Primary motor cortex
-
Premotor cortex
-
Supplementary motor area
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
The motor cortices receive input from
Respuesta
-
the somatosensory cortex
-
the posterior parietal cortex
-
the temporal lobe
-
the cerebellum
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
The motor homunculus is most detailed for the [blank_start]primary motor cortex[blank_end].
It disappears if you [blank_start]zoom on[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
primary motor cortex
-
premotor cortex
-
supplementary motor area
-
zoom in
-
zoom out
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
The motor pathway to lateral motorneurons runs [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] and controls mainly [blank_start]distal muscles[blank_end].
It includes the [blank_start]corticospinal tract[blank_end].
The patway to medial motorneurons runs [blank_start]ipsilateral[blank_end] and controls mainly [blank_start]stance and posture[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
contralateral
-
ipsilateral
-
distal muscles
-
nearby muscles
-
corticospinal tract
-
medial tract
-
ipsilateral
-
contralateral
-
stance and posture
-
fine movements
-
unconscious movements
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
The corticospinal tract
The connections come from the cortical layer [blank_start]V[blank_end].
Many of these connections terminate on spinal [blank_start]interneurons[blank_end].
Only [blank_start]M1[blank_end] contains neurons projecting directly to spinal motor neurons. These cortical neurons are called [blank_start]corticomotorneurons[blank_end]. Those neurons have only one synapse.
Respuesta
-
V
-
IV
-
III
-
II
-
I
-
interneurons
-
medial neurons
-
projection neurons
-
M1
-
PM
-
SMA
-
corticomotorneurons
-
complex neurons
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
The axons of corticomotorneurons terminate on [blank_start]spinal motor neurons[blank_end].
The can also influence other muscles via spinal [blank_start]interneurons[blank_end].
Most of the time the excite agonist muscles and inhibit antagonist ones.
Respuesta
-
spinal motor neurons
-
the muscle fiber
-
interneurons
-
projection neurons
-
receptors
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Reading information about the direction of a movement from several motor neurons is done via [blank_start]population codes[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
population codes
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Neuronal tuning with respect to movement means
Respuesta
-
that firing rates of cortical motor neurons correlate with parameters of movement, e.g. direction, velocity, acceleration, ...
-
that reinforcement learning can be applied to fine-tune execution of motor tasks.
-
that firing rates of cortical motor neurons are highly intercorrelated ("tuning each other")
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Different digits of the hand are controlled by sharply separated areas in M1.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Four symptoms of cerebellar disorders:
[blank_start]Hypotonia[blank_end]: A diminished resistance to passive limb displacements.
[blank_start]Astasia-abasia[blank_end]: An inability to stand or walk.
[blank_start]Ataxia[blank_end]: The abnormal execution of multijointed voluntary movements, characterized by lack of coordination.
[blank_start]Action tremor[blank_end]: A form of tremor at the end of a movement, when the patient attempts to stop the movement by using antagonist muscles.
Respuesta
-
Hypotonia
-
Astasia-abasia
-
Ataxia
-
Action tremor
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
The basal ganglia are involved in
Respuesta
-
reinforcement motor learning
-
action selection
-
movement initiation
-
online motor control
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Relation between function and areas of the brain (hypothesis)
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Respuesta
-
basal ganglia
-
motor cortex
-
parietal cortex
-
cerebellum
-
thalamus
-
prefrontal cortex
-
medulla oblongata
Pregunta 44
Respuesta
-
controller
-
state estimation
-
efference copy
-
sensory feedback
-
forward model
-
inverse model
-
gain
Pregunta 45
Respuesta
-
Comparator
-
Sensed state
-
Input processing
-
Sensor
-
Forward model
-
Inverse model
-
Estimated state
Pregunta 46
Respuesta
-
dynamic
-
predictive
-
sensory
-
correction
-
estimation
-
gain
Pregunta 47
Respuesta
-
Desired state
-
Estimated state
-
Feedforward controller
-
Inverse controller
-
Motor command
-
State estimation
-
Actuator
Pregunta 48
Respuesta
-
position
-
weight
-
motor command
Pregunta 49
Respuesta
-
Motor command
-
Sensory feedback and proprioception
-
State transition
-
State estimation
-
Forward model
-
Inverse model
-
Gain factor
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
The forward-model is used at the [blank_start]beginning[blank_end] of movements.
Respuesta
-
beginning
-
end
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
There are slow- and fast-[blank_start]twitch[blank_end] muscle fibers.
Respuesta
-
twitch
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
[blank_start]Supraspinal[blank_end] centers play an important role in modulating and adapting spinal reflexes, even to the extent of reversing movements when appropriate.
Respuesta
-
Supraspinal
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Stretch reflex:
In addition to the muscle that is stretched [blank_start]synergistic[blank_end] muscles are contracted.
Respuesta
-
synergistic
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
M1: Brodman [blank_start]4[blank_end]
PM & SMA: Brodman [blank_start]6[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
4
-
6
Pregunta 55
Respuesta
-
Posterior parietal cortex
-
Primary somatosensory cortex
-
Primary motor cortex
-
Premotor cortex
-
Supplementary motor area
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