Anatomy of Surgical Incisions in Obstetrics & Gynaecology

The common vertical incision used in O&G to access the abdomen is known as a [blank_start]laparotomy[blank_end]

The incision for a caesarian section is typically conducted [blank_start]horizontally[blank_end] [blank_start]2cm[blank_end] above the [blank_start]pubic symphysis[blank_end]

In order to reduce scarring, surgical incisions in O&G are made in an attempt to follow the tension lines of the skin known as [blank_start]Langer[blank_end] lines

What are the three layers of abdominal fascia called?

Which of the three layers of abdominal fascia are found beneath the oblique musculature? [blank_start]Transversalis[blank_end] fascia

Arrange the 4 groups of abdominal muscles from superficial to deep: [blank_start]External oblique muscles[blank_end] [blank_start]Internal oblique muscles[blank_end] [blank_start]Rectus abdominis muscles[blank_end] [blank_start]Transversus abdominis muscles[blank_end]

Which direction do the external oblique muscles run in?

Superiorly, the external oblique muscles attach to ribs [blank_start]5-11[blank_end]

The external intercostals are joined by a fibrous sheath called an aponeurosis. Name the midline section where the two aponeuroses meet and blend together. The [blank_start]Linea Alba[blank_end]

As well as the linea alba, which two other structures do the external obliques attach to inferiorly?

The internal obliques run in the [blank_start]antero-posterior[blank_end] direction

An aponeurosis is a flattened [blank_start]tendon[blank_end]

Which abdominal muscles attach to the thoracolumbar fascia found on the back of the body?

Which bony feature of the pelvis do all abdominal muscles apart from the rectus abdominis attach to?

The aponeurosis that exists lateral to the rectus abdominis muscles is known as the linea [blank_start]semilunaris[blank_end]

What is the name of the strong, fibrous layer that surrounds the rectus abdominis muscles and is made up of the combined aponeuroses of transversus abdominis, external oblique and internal oblique muscles? [blank_start]Rectus sheath[blank_end]

Which line, lying halfway between the pubic crest and umbilicus, demarcates the lower part of the rectus sheath? The [blank_start]Arcuate[blank_end] line

Which lateral abdominal muscle is always superficial to the rectus abdominis in the rectus sheath?

Which muscle splits into anterior and posterior 'leaflets' in the rectus sheath above the acuate line?

The only notable difference above and below the arcuate line is that above the arcuate line the internal oblique is split into two leaflets, one of which is superficial and the other deep to the rectus abdominis, whereas below the arcuate line the whole internal oblique lies superficial to the rectus abdominis.

What is the vertebral level os the subcostal nerve? [blank_start]T12[blank_end]

Blood supply to the anterolateral abdominal wall: Anterior Abdominal Wall: Superior & Inferior [blank_start]epigastric[blank_end] arteries Lateral Abdominal Wall: [blank_start]Intercostal[blank_end] and [blank_start]subcostal[blank_end] arteries (alphabetical order)

Blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall: The Superior Epigastric Arteries are a continuation of the [blank_start]internal thoracic[blank_end] artery The Inferior Epigastric Arteries are branches of the [blank_start]External Iliac[blank_end] Artery

What are the internal thoracic arteries and veins also known as in women? The [blank_start]mammary[blank_end] arteries and veins

What is the vertebral level of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves that supply the anterolateral abdominal wall? [blank_start]L1[blank_end]

Between which two muscles do the abdominal nerves travel?

In a Caesarean section, the rectus abdominis muscles are cut in order to reach the uterus.

Which structure is found halfway between ASIS and pubic tubercle, and is the emerging point for the inferior epigastric artery into the abdomen? [blank_start]Deep inguinal ring[blank_end]

What triangle is formed from the lateral border of rectus sheath medially, the inguinal ligament inferiorly and the inferior epigastric artery laterally? The [blank_start]Inguinal[blank_end] Triangle

Direct vs Indirect Hernias: First, reduce the hernia and put pressure on the deep inguinal ring (halfway between ASIS and pubic tubercle). Following this ask the patient to cough. If it pops out upon coughing, it's [blank_start]a direct[blank_end] inguinal hernia (through rectus muscle) If it doesn't pop out upon coughing, it's [blank_start]an indirect[blank_end] inguinal hernia (it passes through the deep inguinal ring, which you're blocking)

Direct inguinal hernias occur [blank_start]medially[blank_end] to the inferior epigastric artery. Indirect inguinal hernias occur [blank_start]laterally[blank_end] to the inferior epigastric artery.

The incision used to conduct a hysterectomy is the same that is used to conduct a caesarean section