17346751
Descripción
Test por Pat McMahon, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Pat McMahon
hace alrededor de 5 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
The EBM triad consists of which of the below?
Respuesta
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Latest External Evidence
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Individual Clinical Expertise
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Family Values & Expectations
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Patient Values & Expectations
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Best External Evidence
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
In relation to Types of Evidence and Clinical trials. Which of the below would be the MOST bias?
Respuesta
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Level 1
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Level 4
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Level 2
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Level 3
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
In relation to Types of Evidence and Clinical trials. Which of the below would be the LEAST bias?
Respuesta
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Level 4
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Level 2
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Level 1
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Level 3
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
A systematic review of Level 2 studies would be classified as which Level of Evidence?
Respuesta
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Level 3
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Level 1
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Level 2
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
An Inception Cohort, Prospective cohort study and a cross-sectional study among consecutive presenting patients is considered which level of evidence?
Respuesta
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Level 1
-
Level 3
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Level 4
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Level 2
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
A cross sectional study among non-consectutive patients is considered which level of Evidence?
Respuesta
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Level 4
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Level 3
-
Level 2
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Level 1
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Which of the following relate to the acronym P.I.C.O?
Respuesta
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Intervention
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Comparator/Control
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Patient and Clinical Problem
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Outcome
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Population and Clinical Problem
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Complications
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Clinical trials are experiments in Humans as well as animals.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What is Bioavailability?
Respuesta
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It is the fraction of dose which reaches the systemic circulation (i.e. plasma) as intact drug
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The extent to which a drug is removed by the gut and liver during its first passage from the portal vein through the liver to the systemic circulation
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It is the apparent volume into which a drug distributes in body at equilibrium (Amount in the Body/Plasma Drug Concentration)
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What is 1st Pass Metabolism?
Respuesta
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It is the fraction of dose which reaches the systemic circulation (i.e. plasma) as intact drug
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The extent to which a drug is removed by the gut and liver during its first passage from the portal vein through the liver to the systemic circulation
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It is the apparent volume into which a drug distributes in body at equilibrium.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
What is Volume of Distribution?
Respuesta
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The extent to which a drug is removed by the gut and liver during its first passage from the portal vein through the liver to the systemic circulation
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It is the apparent volume into which a drug distributes in body at equilibrium (Amount in Body/Plamsa Drug Concentration)
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Refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Enterohepatic Circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs or other substances from the pancreas to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the pancreas.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Enterohepatic Circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
In relation to Plasma Binding Protein. Which of the following best describe the concept?
Respuesta
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Once all the binding sites of the plasma proteins are taken up by the drug the protein can bind to a receptor causing the drug to be available for action.
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Once all the binding sites of the plasma proteins are taken up by the drug, any further drug in the plasma will be able to bind to a receptor.
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Only once all the plasma protein binding sites are occupied by the drug can the drug be metabolised.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
What effects the Half-Life of a drug? (First-Order Kinetics)
Respuesta
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Metabolism
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Hydration
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Renal Excretion
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Body mass
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What patient condition would merit a reduction in a drug?
Respuesta
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Age
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Liver Function
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Body Mass
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Alternative drug which competes for transporters
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Another drug with induces enzymes that metabolise the drug
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
To calculate the dose and dosing frequency correctly we use the half-life of the drug.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What concept is associated with 'What the body does to the drug?'
Respuesta
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Phamacokinetics
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Pharmacodynamics
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
The concept of 'What the body does to the drug ' is usually called?
Respuesta
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Pharmacodynamics
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Pharmacokinetics
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
What is meant by 'Affinity'?
Respuesta
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The ability of a drug to produce an effect mediated by receptors
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It is the indication of the strength of the binding between drug and target molecule
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
What is meant by 'Efficacy'?
Respuesta
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The ability of a drug to produce an effect mediated by receptors
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Indication of the strength of the binding between drug and target molecule
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
A non-competitive and competitive antagonist results in a?
Respuesta
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Increased Response
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Decreased Response
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No response
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Normal Response
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
A non-selective drug is an example of?
Respuesta
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Older Drugs, which typically effect more broadly
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Designed drugs, which effect less and more specific sites
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
What is meant by EC50?
Respuesta
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The concentration necessary to produce 50 % of the effect
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The concentration necessary to produce 50 % of the maximal effect
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The concentration necessary to produce 50 % of the minimal effect
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
What occurs if the drug concentration is above the Therapeutic window?
Respuesta
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Increase risk of side effects
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This is normal when attempting to deal with a acute pathology
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Reduced effectiveness of the drug
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
What occurs if the drug concentration is below the Therapeutic window?
Respuesta
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Reduced effectiveness of the drug
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Increased risk of side effects
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Which of the following Drugs would be the most Potent?
Respuesta
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EC50 = 2
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EC50 = 50
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EC50 = 6
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Which relate to evidence that a drug is stored in tissue?
Respuesta
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An increase in the number of side effects produced by the drug
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A decrease in the amount of free drug excreted in urine
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An increase in plasma protein binding
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A large Volume of Distribution (Vd)
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
The intensity of the pharmacologic action of a drug is most dependant on the?
Respuesta
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Elimination half-life (t1/2) of the drug
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Minimum toxic concentration (MTC) of the drug in plasma
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Concentration of the drug at the receptor site
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Onset time of the drug after oral administration
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Minimum effective concentration (MEC) of the drug in the body
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
The initial distribution of a drug into tissue is determined chiefly by the...
Respuesta
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Stomach emptying time
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Rate of blood flow to the tissue
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Plasma protein binding of the drug
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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Affinity of the drug for the tissue
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The bioavailability of oral morphine is 30% and you decided to switch a patient to IV instead.
Would you INCREASE or DECREASE the dose based on the change in bioavailability of the drug?
Respuesta
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Increase
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Decrease
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Same - There is no change in the dosage amount
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The bioavailability of oral morphine is 30% and you decided to switch a patient to IV instead. However, you notice that they have liver disease.
Would you INCREASE or DECREASE the dose based on the fact the patient has liver disease?
Respuesta
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Increase
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Decrease
-
Same - No change in the dose
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Clearance determines
Respuesta
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The time to reach steady state
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The loading does required to achieve the desired steady-state concentration
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The maintenance dose required to achieve the desired steady-state concentration
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The dosage interval
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BOTH The time to reach steady state & The dosage interval
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Volume of distribution determines
Respuesta
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The time to reach steady state
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The loading does required to achieve the desired steady-state concentration
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The maintenance dose required to achieve the desired stead-state concentration
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The dosage interval
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BOTH The time to reach steady state & The dosage interval
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Half-Life determines
Respuesta
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The time to reach steady state
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The loading does required to achieve the desired steady-state concentration
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The maintenance does required to achieve the desired steady-state concentration
-
the dosage interval
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BOTH The time to reach steady state & the dosage interval
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Clearance is
Respuesta
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Dependant on the value of volume of distribution
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Dependant on the value of half-life
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a function of the blood flow to clearing organ and the efficiency of the organ in extracting the drug
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a function of the physiologic volume of blood and tissues and how the drug binds in blood and tissues
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BOTH Dependant on the value of volume of distribution & Dependant on the value of half-life
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
The volume of distribution is
Respuesta
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Dependant on the value of the clearance
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Dependant on the value of half-life
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a function of the blood flow to clearing organs and the efficiency of the organ in extracting the drug
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a function of the physiologic volume of blood and tissues and how the drug binds in blood and tissues
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BOTH Dependant on the value of the clearance & Dependant on the value of half-life
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
The half-life is
Respuesta
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dependant on the value of volume of distribution
-
dependant on the value of clearance
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a function of the blood flow to clearing organs and the efficiency of the organs to extract the drug
-
a function of the physiologic volume of blood and tissues and how the drug binds in blood and tissues
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BOTH dependant on the value of volume of distribution & dependant on the value of clearance
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Pharmacokinetic models are useful to
Respuesta
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describe concentration-time data sets
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predict drug serum concentrations after several doses or after different routes of administration
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calculate pharmacokinetic constants (Clearance, Volume of distribution, half-life)
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BOTH describe concentration-time data sets & calculate pharmacokinetic constants (Clearance, Volume of distribution, half-life)
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BOTH describe concentration-time data sets & calculate pharmacokinetic constants (Clearance, Volume of distribution, half-life) AS WELL AS predict drug serum concentrations after several doses or after different routes of administration
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Factors to be considered when prescribing the best drug dose of a patient include
Respuesta
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Age
-
Gender
-
Weight
-
other concurrent disease states and drug therapies
-
All of the above
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The Volume of distribution (Vd) of every drug equals the
Respuesta
-
Blood Volume
-
Extracellular water volume divided by the plasma concentration of the drug
-
The drug amount in the body divided by the drug plasma concentration
-
The amount of the drug in the body divided by the extracellular volume
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Total body volume minus the volume of bone
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Total body water volume divided by the plasma concentration of the drug
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
A 28 yr old man is being treated for AIDS with several oral drugs. He experiences significant weight loss due to AIDS-related wasting syndrome and diarrhoea. Which of the following pharmacokinetic parameters would be unchanged by the alterations in the patients body mass and composition?
Respuesta
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Absorbtion
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Bioavailability
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First-Pass metabolism
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Steady-state plasma concentration
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Volume of Distribution
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Which of the following factors will determine the number of drug-receptor complexes formed?
Respuesta
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Efficacy of the drug
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Receptor affinity for the drug
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Therapeutic index of the drug
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Half-Life of the drug
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Rate of renal secretion
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Which of the following best describes an antagonist?
Respuesta
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Binds to a receptor and causes the activation of intracellular cascades
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Binds to a receptor and mimics the effects of neurotransmitters
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Binds to a receptor without activating intracellular cascades
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Binds to receptors causing the opposite effects on second messenger production than an agonist
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Binds to receptors usually in a site distinct from agonist
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Which statement best describes a partial agonist?
Respuesta
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A partial agonist irreversibly binds to receptors
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The effects of a partial agonist cannot be overcome by increasing agonist concentration
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A partial agonist binds to and does not effect the protein conformation of the receptor
-
A partial agonist has less maximal effect than a full agonist
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A partial agonist will not antagonise the effects of a full agonist
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Drug A and Drug B bind to the same receptor (Z). Drug A has a higher affinity for receptor Z than Drug B.
Which statement below is correct regarding these drugs?
Respuesta
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A higher concentration of drug A is required to occupy half the receptors than concentration of drug B.
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Under no condition can drug B produce the same maximal effect as drug A
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Under no condition can drug A produce the same maximal effect as drug B
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The equilibrium disassociation constant (Kd) is lower for drug A than drug B
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Drug B is more potent than Drug A
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