Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Why is there glycogen in the liver?
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which is correct of glycogen in the liver?
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
The only source of glucose to supply the muscles is the glycogen.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Which linkages occur between adjacent glucose monomers in glycogen?
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Which linkages occur between glucose monomers and their neighbouring molecules in branches in glycogen?
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
The enzymes at the beginning and/or end of a biosynthetic pathway will be tightly regulated.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Why, in biosynthetic pathways, is at least one enzymatic reaction irreversible?
Respuesta
-
To prevent accumulation of metabolites
-
More finer degree of control
-
To prevent unwanted by-products
-
To increase the rate of the pathway
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What is the first reaction in the synthesis of glycogen?
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Where is hexokinase present?
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Glucokinase is present in the liver and pancreatic B cells only.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is carried out by which enzyme(s)?
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
What is the role of phosphoglucomutase in glycogen synthesis?
Respuesta
-
Isomerisation of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate
-
Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate
-
Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 1-phosphate
-
Addition of UTP to glucose
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which enzyme catalyses the formation of UDP glucose from UTP and glucose 1-phosphate?
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
What is the structure of uridine triphosphate (UTP)?
Respuesta
-
Ribose, uracil and three phosphates
-
Deoxyribose, uracil and three phosphates
-
Ribose, uracil and two phosphates
-
Ribose, adenine and three phosphates
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
What is a co-product of UDP glucose formation?
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What does UTP react with on glucose 1-phosphate to form UDP glucose?
Respuesta
-
The phosphate group of glucose 1-phosphate
-
The hydroxyl group of the 6th carbon
-
The hydroxyl group of the 2nd carbon
-
The hydrogen of the 3rd carbon
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
What amino acid does glycogenin bind to in the protein primer?
Respuesta
-
Tyrosine
-
Phenylalanine
-
Threonine
-
Glutamate
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Which carbon of UDP-glucose does tyrosine bind to in the protein primer?
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
When the tyrosine-glycogenin protein primer binds to UDP-glucose, UDP is cleaved off.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Which enzyme catalyses the addition of the tyrosine-glycogenin primer to UDP-glucose causing the cleavage of UDP?
Respuesta
-
Glucosyltransferase
-
Tyrosine transferase
-
Glycogenin synthase
-
UDP hydrolase
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
How does the chain extend from glucose once it has been bound to the tyrosine-glycogenin primer?
Respuesta
-
1,4 linkages between primed glucose and UDP-glucose
-
1,6 linkages between primed glucose and UDP-glucose
-
1,4 linkages between primed glucose and primed UDP-glucose
-
1,6 linkages between primed glucose and primed UDP-glucose
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Which statement is true of branching in glycogen?
Respuesta
-
A portion of the long chain is moved to branch up and form 1,6 linkages
-
An initial 1,6 linkage is formed off the core chain and 1,4 linkages are formed from that
-
Branching requires another primed UDP-glucose molecule
-
Branching does not require UDP glucose, only regular glucose
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks below to summarise the synthesis of glycogen.
1. First, [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] is phosphorylated to [blank_start]glucose-6-phosphate[blank_end]. This is catalysed by [blank_start]hexokinase[blank_end] or [blank_start]glucokinase[blank_end] in the liver.
2. Then, [blank_start]glucose 6-phosphate[blank_end] is isomerised to [blank_start]glucose 1-phosphate[blank_end]. This is catalysed by [blank_start]phosphoglucomutase[blank_end].
3. [blank_start]Glucose 1-phosphate[blank_end] reacts with [blank_start]UTP[blank_end] to form [blank_start]UDP-glucose[blank_end], releasing [blank_start]PPi[blank_end] in the process. This reaction is catalysed by [blank_start]UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase[blank_end].
4. The enzyme [blank_start]glucosyltransferase[blank_end] binds a protein primer in the form of the amino acid [blank_start]tyrosine[blank_end] bound to [blank_start]glycogenin[blank_end] to the 1st carbon of [blank_start]UDP glucose[blank_end]. This causes the cleavage of [blank_start]UDP[blank_end].
5. Additional [blank_start]UDP-glucose[blank_end] monomers join via [blank_start]a-1,4[blank_end] linkages in reactions catalysed by [blank_start]glycogen synthase[blank_end].
6. This process repeats to form a chain.
7. Portions of the core chain are transferred to form [blank_start]a-1,6[blank_end] linkages with the chain itself to form branches.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
The active form of glycogen synthase is what?
Respuesta
-
Not phosphorylated
-
Phosphorylated
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
What enzyme do we require to activate glycogen synthase?
Respuesta
-
Protein phosphatase
-
Protein kinase
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Insulin activates a protein phosphatase which dephosphorylates glycogen synthase to activate it.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
What happens first in glycogen breakdown?
Respuesta
-
Phosphorylation of glycogen to release glucose 1-phosphate monomers
-
Phosphorylation of glycogen to release glucose 6-phosphate monomers
-
Transfer of branches onto the core chain
-
Cleavage of a-1,6 linkages
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
What enzyme carries out the phosphorylation of glucose monomers in glycogen during breakdown?
Respuesta
-
Glycogen phosphorylase
-
Glycogen phosphatase
-
Hexokinase
-
Glycogen hydrolase
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
What does glycogen transferase do?
Respuesta
-
Transfers glycogen chains onto the core chain leaving behind 1 branched monomer with a a-1,6 linkage
-
Transfers glycogen chains entirely onto the core chain
-
Isomerises glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate
-
Catalyses the hydrolysis of a-1,6 linkages
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Which enzyme cleaves a-1,6 linkages on glycogen?
Respuesta
-
a-1,6-glucosidase
-
a-1,6-kinase
-
a-1,6-hydratase
-
a-1,6-catalase
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Glucose 1-phosphate from the breakdown of glycogen is converted to glucose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Glucose-6-phosphate is only converted to glucose in the liver
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks below to describe glycogen breakdown.
1. First, an [blank_start]inorganic source[blank_end] phosphorylates glucose monomers to break their [blank_start]a-1,4[blank_end] linkages and release them. This is catalysed by [blank_start]glycogen phosphorylase[blank_end].
2. Then, glycogen [blank_start]branches[blank_end] are removed and added to the core chain by [blank_start]glycogen transferase[blank_end]. This leaves behind a single branched glucose monomer with an [blank_start]a-1,6[blank_end] linkage.
3. This [blank_start]a-1,6[blank_end] linkage is broken by [blank_start]a-1,6-glucosidase[blank_end].
4. [blank_start]Glucose 1-phosphate[blank_end] is isomerised to [blank_start]glucose 6-phosphate[blank_end] by [blank_start]phosphoglucomutase[blank_end].
5. In the liver, [blank_start]glucose 6-phosphate[blank_end] is converted to [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] by the [blank_start]glucose 6-phosphatase[blank_end] enzyme. The muscle does not have this enzyme, so its [blank_start]glucose 6-phosphate[blank_end] enters the [blank_start]glycolysis[blank_end] pathway.
Respuesta
-
inorganic source
-
a-1,4
-
glycogen phosphorylase
-
branches
-
glycogen transferase
-
a-1,6
-
a-1,6
-
a-1,6-glucosidase
-
Glucose 1-phosphate
-
glucose 6-phosphate
-
phosphoglucomutase
-
glucose 6-phosphate
-
glucose
-
glucose 6-phosphatase
-
glucose 6-phosphate
-
glycolysis
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
The active form of glycogen phosphorylase is what?
Respuesta
-
Phosphorylated
-
Not phosphorylated
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
What enzyme do we require to activate glycogen phosphorylase?
Respuesta
-
Protein kinase
-
Protein phosphatase
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
By what mechanism is glycogen protein kinase activated?
Respuesta
-
Secondary messenger with cAMP signalling
-
Secondary messenger with IP3 signalling
-
Increase in cytosolic Ca2+
-
Cytosolic receptor signalling
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Adrenaline activates glycogen breakdown in the [blank_start]muscle[blank_end].
Glucagon activates glycogen breakdown in the [blank_start]liver[blank_end].
Insulin activates glycogen breakdown in [blank_start]both[blank_end].
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Where does calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind on glycogen phosphorylase kinase?
Respuesta
-
Calmodulin domain
-
Histidine residues
-
Active site
-
Tyrosine residues
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
What effect does calcium in muscle cells have on glycogen breakdown?
Respuesta
-
Activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase to activate glycogen phosphorylase to initiate glycogen breakdown
-
Activates glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase to deactivate glycogen phosphorylase and prevent glycogen breakdown
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Why is it important that calcium can regulate glycogen breakdown in the muscles?
Respuesta
-
Our muscles need energy to contract but we don't always need adrenaline and our blood glucose isn't always low
-
Provides more powerful contraction
-
Provides more resistance to fatigue
-
In case glycogen concentration is low
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
What effect does AMP have on glycogen phosphorylase?
Respuesta
-
Allosteric activation
-
Allosteric inhibiton
-
Competitive inhibition
-
Covalent activation
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Why is it important that AMP concentration regulates glycogen breakdown?
Respuesta
-
High AMP indicates low ATP so glycogen breakdown is necessary
-
Provides more powerful contraction
-
AMP is present in all cells all the time
-
AMP can cross the cell membrane
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
ATP is an allosteric inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase.
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks to describe each glycogen storage disease.
[blank_start]Von Gierke's[blank_end] disease is caused by defective glucose 6-phosphatase.
[blank_start]Pompe's[blank_end] disease is caused by defective lysosomal glycosidase.
[blank_start]McArdle's[blank_end] disease is caused by defective glycogen phosphorylase.
Respuesta
-
Von Gierke's
-
Pompe's
-
McArdle's
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Which of the following are logical symptoms of Von Gierke's disease?
Respuesta
-
Hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis, enlarged liver
-
Accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes, muscle weakness, cardiac failure
-
Exercise intolerance, red/brown urine following excercise
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Which of the following are logical symptoms of Pompe's disease?
Respuesta
-
Accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes, muscle weakness, cardiac failure
-
Hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis, enlarged liver
-
Exercise intolerance, red/brown urine following exercise
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Which of the following are logical symptoms of McArdle's disease?
Respuesta
-
Exercise intolerance, red/brown urine following exercise
-
Accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes, muscle weakness, cardiac failure
-
Hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis, enlarged liver
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
What causes red/brown urine following exercise in those with McArdle's disease?
Respuesta
-
Myoglobin excretion due to muscle breakdown
-
Haemoglobin excretion due to vessel rupture in muscles
-
Myoglobin excretion due to use in respiration
-
Myoglobin excretion due to use in removal of lactate