2650390
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
The spinal cord contains CPG's that can produce locomotor patterns without descending influence.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
What are the three brain centres that can be imposed on SC circuitry?
Respuesta
-
Motor cortex
-
Visual cortex
-
Cerebellum
-
Cerebral cortex
-
Parietal cortex
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Lateral pathways are associated with control of?
Respuesta
-
Distal flexor muscles
-
Proximal/axial extensors to control posture
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Ventromedial pathways control what?
Respuesta
-
Distal flexor muscles
-
Proximal/axial extensors to control posture
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Ventromedial pathways are under control of the brainstem, whereas lateral pathways execute voluntary actions.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Name the lateral motor pathways
Respuesta
-
Corticospinal
-
Rubrospinal
-
Reticulospinal
-
Tectospinal
-
Vestibulospinal
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Name the ventromedial motor pathways
Respuesta
-
Rubrospinal
-
Corticospinal
-
Reticulospinal
-
Vestibulospinal
-
Tectospinal
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Where does the vestibulospinal tract run from and what is its function?
Respuesta
-
Vestibular nucleus to the spinal cord
-
Solitary nucleus to the spinal cord
-
It relays gravitational sensory information from CN VIII and co-ordinates postural responses such as the balance of the head and neck
-
It relays gravitational sensory information from CN X and co-ordinates postural responses such as the balance of the head and neck
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Where does the tectospinal tract run from and what is its function?
Respuesta
-
Vestibular nucleus to the spinal cord
-
Superior colliculus to the spinal cord
-
It relays visual information from the visual cortex and retina and orientates the head and eyes
-
It relays gravitational sensory information from CN VIII and co-ordinates postural responses such as the balance of the head and neck
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
The reticulospinal tract originates from the reticular formation.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The pontine reticulospinal tract modulates voluntary override of the medullary reticulospinal tract.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
The pontine reticulospinal tract modulates posture via leg extensors.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
The motor cortex is the only brain centre required for co-ordinated movement.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
What is the function of the supplementary motor area (SMA)?
Respuesta
-
Planning and initiation of the final action to be taken
-
Bimanual coordination
-
Control of movement sequencing
-
Control of the distal musculature
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
What is the function of the pre-motor cortex?
Respuesta
-
Planning and initiation of the final action to be taken
-
Bimanual coordination
-
Control of movement sequencing
-
Control of the distal musculature
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Respuesta
-
Planning and initiation of the final action to be taken
-
Bimanual coordination
-
Control of movement sequencing
-
Control of the distal musculature
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
The motor homunculus (the somatotopic arrangement) is evenly distributed for all areas of the body.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The SMA, Pre-motor cortex and Primary motor cortex contribute what percentage of motor fibres to the corticospinal tract?
Respuesta
-
50%
-
25%
-
40%
-
70%
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Corticospinal tract fibres innervate small groups of muscle instead of single muscles and encode the force and direction of movement.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Stroke/tumours may damage UMN, what can this lead to?
Respuesta
-
Hypertonia
-
Hypotonia
-
Hyperreflexia
-
Hyporeflexia
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
UMN damage will affect the side of the body contralateral to the damage. This means UMN damage will affect the same side that the damage occurs.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What is the output of the spino-cerebellum pathway?
Respuesta
-
Reticular nucleus
-
Red nucleus
-
Vestibular nucleus
-
Pre-motor cortex
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
What is the output of the cerebro-cerebellum pathway?
Respuesta
-
Pre-motor cortex
-
Vestibular nucleus
-
Red nucleus
-
Reticular nucleus
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
What is the output of the vestibulo-cerebellum pathway?
Respuesta
-
Vestibular nucleus
-
Red nucleus
-
Reticular nucleus
-
Pre-motor cortex
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
What does the spino-cerebellum tract help to control?
Respuesta
-
Axial musculature and posture
-
Sends compensatory signals to the primary motor cortex
-
Control over posture, balance and eye movement.
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
What does the cerebro-cerebellum tract help to control?
Respuesta
-
Axial musculature and posture
-
Sends compensatory signals to the primary motor cortex
-
Control over posture, balance and eye movement.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
What does the vestibulo-cerebellum tract help to control?
Respuesta
-
Control over posture, balance and eye movement.
-
Sends compensatory signals to the primary motor cortex
-
Axial musculature and posture
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Damage to the spino-cerebellum pathway could lead to what?
Respuesta
-
Hypotonia, Ataxia, Dysmetria
-
Asynergy, Ataxia, Dysarthia
-
Slow saccade impairment, nystagmus
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Damage to the cerebro-cerebellum pathway could lead to what?
Respuesta
-
Asynergy, Ataxia, Dysarthia
-
Hypotonia, Ataxia, Dysmetria
-
Slow saccades, nystagmus
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Damage to the vestibulo-cerebellum pathway could lead to what?
Respuesta
-
Slow saccades, nystagmus
-
Asynergy, Ataxia, Dysarthia
-
Hypotonia, Ataxia, Dysmetria
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The vestibulo-ocular reflex is performed by the vestibulo-cerebellum pathway and samples visual disparities. It then provides a correction signal to do what?
Respuesta
-
Keep an observed image on the retina as the head moves via oculomotor muscles
-
Make sure the oculomotor muscles contract to a proper extent
-
Turn the eyes in the same direction as head movement
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The function of the cerebellum overall is to act as...?
Respuesta
-
A sampler - compare inputs and make necessary changes
-
A timer - coordinating smooth movements
-
A predictor - executing movements from learnt behaviour
-
To modulate posture
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Name 1. on the cortico-basalgangliga-cortical loop.
Respuesta
-
Stratium
-
Globus Pallidus external
-
Sub thalamic nucleus
-
Cortex
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Name 2. on the cortico-basalgangliga-cortical loop.
Respuesta
-
Stratium
-
Globus Pallidus external
-
Sub thalamic nucleus
-
Cortex
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Name 3. on the cortico-basalgangliga-cortical loop.
Respuesta
-
Stratium
-
Globus Pallidus external
-
Sub thalamic nucleus
-
Cortex
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Name 4. on the cortico-basalgangliga-cortical loop.
Respuesta
-
Cortex
-
Striatum
-
Globus Pallidus external
-
Sub thalamic nucleus
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Name the hypokinetic disorder
Respuesta
-
Parkinsons
-
Huntingtons
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Name the hyperkinetic disorder
Respuesta
-
Parkinsons
-
Huntingtons
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
In parkinsons, the death of SNc dopaminergic neurons has what effect on cortex feedback?
Respuesta
-
Decreased stimulation of the striatium leads to less inhibitory drive and therefore higher excitatory drive from the sub-thalamic nucleus, leading to excessive stimulation of an inhibitory signal to the thalamus and thus excitatory signals back to the cortex are reduced. (hypokineticism)
-
Decreased stimulation of the striatium leads to less inhibitory drive and therefore higher excitatory drive from the sub-thalamic nucleus, leading to excessive stimulation of an inhibitory signal to the thalamus and thus excitatory signals back to the cortex are increased. (hyperkineticism)
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
In huntingtons, the lack of an inhibitory striatum signal to the GPe leads to what?
Respuesta
-
Lack of an inhibitory signal to the GPe means that the GPe sends out excess inhibitory signals to the STN. The STN is therefore inhibited and sends out fewer excitatory signals to the SNr/GPi. This in turn causes fewer inhibitory signals to the thalamus and therefore excitatory signals from the thalamus to the cortex increase.
-
Lack of an excitatory signal to the GPe means that the GPe sends out excess inhibitory signals to the STN. The STN is therefore inhibited and sends out fewer excitatory signals to the SNr/GPi. This in turn causes fewer inhibitory signals to the thalamus and therefore excitatory signals from the thalamus to the cortex increase.
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
What are the symptoms of parkinsons?
Respuesta
-
Tremor
-
Akinesia
-
Bradykinesia
-
Excessive movement
-
Rapid motor patterns
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
What are the symptoms of huntingtons?
Respuesta
-
Tremor
-
Akinesia
-
Bradykinesia
-
Excessive movement
-
Rapid motor patterns
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
What is ataxia and is it usually associated with basal ganglia or cerebellar dysfunction?
Respuesta
-
Basal ganglia
-
Cerebellar dysfunction
-
Slow movement
-
Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Basal ganglia disorders such as Parkinson's have symptoms such as an intention tremor.
Respuesta
- True
- False
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