Test
Noiceception
Preguntas del test (35)
1Sherrington’s division of senses; choose correct
- AExteroceptive, such as those that detect light, sound, odour, and tactile stimuli
- BInteroceptive, that detect events occurring in the interior of the organism.
- CProprioceptive, exemplified by taste receptors, receptors in viscera;
- DTeleceptive (special) senses were excluded from above mentioned (vision, audition, olfaction, taste.
2 Sherrington’s division of senses - Choose correct
- ATeleception - special senses
- BInteroception - deep sensation
- CExteroception - cutaneous sensation
- DProprioception - visceral sensation
- ENociception - pain sensation
3Head’s division of senses; choose correct
- AEpicritic – determined accurately, precisely; said of cutaneous nerve fibers sensitive to fine variations of touch (related to senses conducted in dorsal columns).
- BProtopraxic – diffused, not precise, such as pain and sense of warm temperature (conducted through anterolateral system)
- CEpicritic – diffused, not precise, such as pain and sense of warm temperature (conducted through anterolateral system)
- DProtopraxic – determined accurately, precisely; said of cutaneous nerve fibers sensitive to fine variations of touch (related to senses conducted in dorsal columns).
4Sense of pain; choose correct
- APerception of proprioceptive stimuli from skin and internal organs, resultant from physical damages or diseases.
- BPerception of nociceptive stimuli from skin and internal organs, resultant from physical damages or diseases.
- CPain is unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual and/or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.
- DSense of particular significance in biology of animals and humans, released as a warning signal.
- EPerception of teleceptive stimuli from skin and internal organs, resultant from physical damages or diseases.
5Difficulties in assessment of pain; choose wrong
- APain cannot be evoked without direct stimuli
- BAllodynia - Pain produced by stimuli which usually do
not elicit pain - CNoxious stimuli present, but no pain felt.
- DNeuropathic pain - Pain initiated by primary lesion or
dysfunction
6Sense of pain; choose correct
- APain isn't a sensory phenomenon
- BPain is the product of complex, central, nociception- induced processing, and not a primitive sensation (IASP).
- CPain isn't an emotional experience
- DPain is a conscious, aversive aspect of somatic awareness,
7 Sense of pain - features; choose correct
- AAdaptation phenomenon is observed
- BProduces specific emotional state related to fear, it is NOT modified by previous experience.
- CProduces several responses and reflexes preventing or reducing the influence of harmful, nociceptive factor and effects of its action (withdrawal reflex)
- DPlays warning function, signaling real or potential damage.
8Factors affecting sense of pain; choose correct
- AAge - Younger people are more sensitive to pain
- BGender - Males are more sensitive to pain
- CAge - Elder people are more sensitive to pain
- DGender - Females are more sensitive to pain
9Sense of pain - affecting factors; choose WRONG
- APsychosocial factors
- BFatigue – Humans often experience more pain when their body is stressed from lack of sleep.
- CWeather
- DMemory – How we have experienced pain in the past
10Pain sensation does not depend on...?
- AEmotional status and type of personality,
- BLife experience
- CFunctional status of entire PNS,
- DAcquired habits and education.
11Pain threshold; choose correct
- AIs elevated by muscular contraction or work
- BIs lowered by nociceptive action in other regions of the organism.
- CIs elevated by conc. of one’s attention on non- nociceptive stimuli like touch, visual or auditory sensation.
- DIs lowered by muscular contraction or work,
12Pain; choose correct
- APain can be receptor dependant or independant
- BFast pathway (12-30 m/s) built with myelinated Aδ- fibers responsible for „bright”, acute, sharp, easily localised pain – last short.
- CSlow pathway (12-30 m/s) built with myelinated Aδ- fibers responsible for „bright”, acute, sharp, easily localised pain – last short.
- DFast pathway (0.5-2 m/s) built with unmyelinated C- fibers responsible for chronic, dull, intense, diffused, poorly localized and unpleasant filling – last long.
13Division of pain;
- ANociceptive system - System identifies are of damage (or potential damage)
- BAntinociceptive system - System of sensing, transmitting, recognizing and localizing of the nociceptive stimulus.
- CAntinociceptive system - modulating sense of pain at level of post. horn of spinal cord (peripheral modulation)
- DNociceptive system - modulating sense of pain at various levels of spinothalamic tracts, thalamic nuclei & thalamo-cortical linkages (central modulation)
14Division of pain; choose wrong
- AThe closer to the brain the stimulus is applied, the greater the temporal separation of two components.
- BIn the spinothalamic tract there are A-delta fiber types
- CAnterior horn of spinal cord conveys sensation of simple touch
- DLateral side of the spinal cord conveys fast and slow pain (pain and temperature)
15Division of pain;
- ADeep pain - is produced by chemical factors released in hypoxic muscles
- BDeep pain - is poorly localised, nauseating and associated with sweating and change in blood pressure.
- CDeep pain can be elicited from periosteum, ligaments, joints, fascias and blood vessels
- DMuscle pain is substernal pain in coronary disease and intermittent claudation
16Choose correct match
- AA beta fibers - free nerve endings
- BA-delta and C - paciniform corpuscles and ruffini terminals
- CType 4 (unmyelinated) fibers - free nerve endings
- DType 3 (A-delta, myelinated) fibers - free nerve endings and some specialised endings
17Choose correct about visceral pain
- AVisceral pain - Observed in torn ligaments and sore muscles
- BVisceral pain -released by chemical, mechanical and osmotic stimuli.
- CVisceral pain - Pain is poorly localised, but doesn't radiate.
- DVisceral pain - poorly localised, nauseating, associated with sweating, changes in blood pressure (hypotension)
18Visceral Pain;
- AVisceral pain - deep somatic pain initiates reflex contraction of nearby skeletal muscles.
- BVisceral pain - goes through the ventral root ganglia to brain
- CSensory neurons of the post. horn are not only converged by somatosensory protoneurons of skin sensation. They're converged by nociception originated from viscera.
- DImpulses conducted in visceral reflex arcs increase excitibility of neurons transmitting impulses from exteroceptors. They start to send nociceptive impulses
19Visceral Referred Pain (VPR);
- ADivided into; Cervical, thoracic and lumbar
- BVRP areas of heart include left chest and left arm on medial side
- CVRP area of liver include right shoulder and clavicular area, as well as an area below the scapula
- DVRP of the stomach involves the lower back
20Receptors of pain; correct features
- ANo specialised receptor cells and they are slowly adapting receptors
- BSpecialised receptor cells and they are slowly adapting receptors
- CNo specialised receptor cells and they are rapidly adapting receptors
- DFree nerve endings sensitive to pain distributed in all the body organs (except for brain tissue and pulmonary parenchyma).
21Receptors of pain;
- AUnimodal receptors located on Aδ-fibers - Thermoreceptors responding to high temperature.
- BPolymodal receptors located on C-fibers - Naked nerve endings responding to mechanical stimuli
- CSilent nociceptors - Stimulated by temperatures > 42?C , low pH, capsaicin and other chemicals.
- DRPV1 receptors (capsaicin receptor) - Respond to nocicceptive stimuli only when inflammatory substances are present.
22Harmful factors of Nociceptive stimulus - choose WRONG
- AHyperxemia (high O2 in tissues)
- BPhysical trauma (mechanical, electrical or thermal damage)
- CIntrinsic chemicals (H+, K+, lactate, histamine, Ach, bradikinin, proteolytic enzymes, prostaglandins), capsaicin and extrinsic agents.
- DInflammatory processes and neoplams
23Substances producing pain VS facilitating pain; choose correct match
- AFacilitates pain - Bradykinin and leukotriens
- BProduces pain - Prostaglandins and cytokines (IL-1 & TNF-alpha)
- CFacilitates pain - SP and ATP
- DProduces pain - K+ and H+
- EHistamine is only facilitating pain, while serotonin only stimulates pain
24Neurotransmitters of pain;
- ASubstance P (SP)
- BNeurokinin A (NKA)
- CCalcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)
- DDopamine
25Neuromediators and functions- choose correct match.
- AGlycine - suppresses the transmission of pain signals in the dorsal root ganglion.
- BSubstance P - peptide (11 amino acids) released by C fibers; associated with intense, chronic persistent ("bad") pain.
- CGlutamate- suppresses the transmission of pain signals in the dorsal root ganglion.
- DGlycine - dominant neurotransmitter when the threshold to pain is first crossed; associated with acute ("good") pain.
26Afference of pain; General axons of dorsal horn neurons
- AEnter anterolateral system (lateral spinothalamic tract)
- BEnter anteromedial system (medial spinothalamic tract)
- CEnter posterolateral portion of the cord
- DEnter posteromedial portion of the cord
27Afference of pain; Ascending fibers - Choose WRONG
- AAscend to specific sensory relay nuclei of thalamus, to areas S1, S2 and cingulate gyrus
- BAscend to Hypothalamus
- CAscend to Cerebellum
- DAscend to reticular nuclei of brain stem, tectal area of mesencephalon and periaqueductal gray.
- EAscend to the midline and intralaminar nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus and cortex
28Afference of pain:
- ASpinal nerves - through VPM of thalamus to somatosensory cortex (3, 1, 2 Brodman’s area)
- BTrigeminal (cranial input) nerves - through VPL of thalamus to somatosensory cortex (3, 1, 2 Brodman’s area)
- CTrigeminal (cranial input) - nerves through VPM of thalamus to somatosensory cortex (3, 1, 2 Brodman’s area)
- DSpinal nerves - through VPL of thalamus to somatosensory cortex (3, 1, 2 Brodman’s area)
29Afference of pain; lateral STT vs spinoreticular tract;
- ALamina 1, 4 & 5 are origin of Lateral STT and Spinoreticulartract
- BSpino-reticular tract follows the somatotopic organisation
- CLateral STT has bilateral body representation
- DOnly Spinoreticular tract synapse in reticular formation
- ESpino-reticular tract has sub-cortical targets in autonomic centres, limbic system and hypothalamus
30Afference of pain; lateral STT vs spinoreticular tract;
- ALateral STT goes to VPL of the thalamic nuclei
- BLateral STT has cortical location in parietal lobe (S1)
- CSpinoreticular tract goes to intralaminar and other midline nuclei of the thalamic nuclei
- DSpinoreticular tract has cortical location in parietal lobe (S1)
- ERole of Spinoreticular tract is dicriminative pain (quality, intensity & location)
31Afference of pain; Slow (indirect) VS Fast (Direct)
- ADirect (fast) - Lateral STT
- BDirect (fast) - BIlateral
- CIndirect (slow) - Subcortical regions are Autonomic centres, limbic system, hypothalamus
- DDirect (fast) - perceives temperature and simple touch
- EIndirect (slow) - Thalamic nuclei is VPL
32Modulation of pain;
- AAfferent stimulation from sensory protoneurons reduces the pain in mechanism of presynaptic inhibition, preventing of excessive release of SP.
- BEfferent stimulation from sensory protoneurons reduces the pain in mechanism of presynaptic inhibition, preventing of excessive release of SP.
- CAfferent stimulation from antinociceptive centres in nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis and nucleus raphe magnus.
- DEfferent stimulation from antinociceptive centres in nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis and nucleus raphe magnus.
33Modulation of pain;
- AAntinociceptive system converging on dorsal horn are periaqueductal grey matter-nucleus raphe magnus - 5HT
- BAntinociceptive system converging on dorsal horn are Periaqueductal grey matter - ENK
- CAntinociceptive system converging on ventral horn are locus ceruleus - NE
- DAntinociceptive system converging on ventral horn are Periaqueductal grey matter - ENK
34Modulation of pain; opioids
- AMet-enkephalin(Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) is a natural ligand
- BLeu-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu) is NOT a natural ligand
- CThere are two natural ligands
- DOpioids bind to receptors on interneurons of the pain pathways in the CNS
35Modulation of pain - opiods;
- AEnkephalins hyperpolarize the presynaptic membrane thus inhibiting it from transmitting these pain signals.
- BThe enkephalin synapse with a dendrite or cell body.
- CEnkephalins are released at synapses of neurons involved in transmitting pain signals to the brain.
- DEnkephalins depolarise the presynaptic membrane thus inhibiting it from transmitting these pain signals.
Información
- Descripción
- Based of PUM physiology presentations and own notes
- Autor
- Soheila Amri
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 30
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
- Aún sin valoraciones Valora este test