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HPS203 EXAM REVISION
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Preguntas del test (120)
1What is the definition of Cognitive Psychology?
- ACognition is the collection of mental activities used in perceiving, remembering and thinking, as well as the act of using those processes.
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of these mental processes. - BCognition is the collection of mental activities used in thinking, remembering and processing, speaking and listening, as well as the act of using those processes.
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of these mental processes.
- ACognition is the collection of mental activities used in perceiving, remembering and thinking, as well as the act of using those processes.
2Historically, the movement known as behaviourism was encouraged by researchers concerns about
- APsychotherapy
- BAn exaggerated focus on participants responses
- CBiologist inferring how a behaviour is likely to behave in the future of the basis of assessment of past behaviours
- DBehaviourist inferring how a behaviour was learned on the basis of a deduction from well-established principles of learning
3The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A commonplace example of such an inference is a
- APhysicist inferring what the attributes of an electron must be on the basis of the visual effects that it causes
- BComputer scientist inferring what the attributes of a program must be on the basis of his or her long-range goes for the programs functioning
- CBiologist inferring how an organising is likely to behave in the future on the basis of assessment of past behaviours
- DBehaviourist inferring how a behaviour was learned on the basis of a deduction of well-established principles of learning
4Participants in an experiment are shown a series of digits and then asked to repeat them back a moment later. While being shown the sequence, participants were required to say "TAH, TAH, TAH'" out loud, over and over again. The evidence indicates that the recitation of "TAH, TAH, TAH"will
- AHave no effect on performance
- BProvide a rhythm that helps organise participants rehearsal of digits, thereby improving their memory performance
- CForce participants to rely on the central executive rather than a less powerful lower-level assistant, thereby improving memory performance
- DBlock participants from using their inner voices to rehearse the digits, thereby interfering with the memory task
5Which of the following statements most accurately describes visual illusions?
- AThe cognitive architecture that helps us in most cases causes illusions in other cases
- BIllusions are mostly beneficial to perception
- CIllusions will not occur if you know how to avoid them
- DIllusions can occur for shape and size, but not for colour or brightness
6Imagine you are reading a puzzling email from a friend. You identify the words, but you have a hard time "reading between the lines". In this example, work identification involves __________ processing, while "reading between the lines" involves _________ processing.
- Atop down; bottom up
- Btop down; top down
- Cbottom up; top down
- Dbottom up; bottom up
7Participants are shown a visual stimulus for just 30 milliseconds and are then asked "Was there an E or K in the stimulus? " We would expect the best performance if the stimulus is:
- ABWQK
- BBARK
- CK
- DGALK
8According to the Recognition by Components model, geons are NOT
- ASimple shapes
- BViewpoint Independent
- CAlways easy to identify
- DCapable of identification if they are partially obstructed
9Posner, Snyder and Davidson (1980) examined spatial attention using arrows as a prime. Most of the time the arrow pointed to the area where the stimulus would appear, but 20% of the time they did not. They compared reaction times (RT's) when the cue was valid, when it was invalid, and when a neutral cue was presented. Which of the following statements was NOT supported by their findings?
- ARTs were slower in the invalid condition than in the valid condition
- BSpatial attention is limited in capacity
- CWe can attend to two different locations without a reduction in performance
- DRT's were faster for responses to valid cues relative to neutral cues
10Patients with unilateral neglect ignore one side of their visual field. This problem illustrates the importance of
- AObject-based perception
- BSpace-based perception
- CMemory for objects
- DPaying attention to objects
11Participants are asked to listen to a tape-recorded message and to shadow the message as they hear it. Which of the following tasks will be easiest to combine with this shadowing task?
- AViewing a series of printed words, followed by a test measuring memory of the words
- BSimultaneously hearing a tape-recorded message, followed by a test measuring memory for the gist of a the second message
- CSimultaneously hearing a tape-recorded list of words, followed by a test measuring memory of the word list
- DViewing a series of pictures, followed by a test measuring memory for the pictures
12Which of the following statements is NOT true of executive control?
- AIt is used to keep current goals active
- BIn Inhibits distracting thoughts
- CIt seems to rely on the prefrontal cortex
- DIt underlies habitual responding but not goal-directed behaviours
13John is asked to remember the order a previously presented list of words. Compared to an immediate recall test, what effect would you expect a 20 second unfilled delay to have on memory performance?
- AIt would have no effect on memory, compared to an immediate recall test
- BIt would decrease memory for early words and improve memory for words presented later in the list
- CIt would improve memory for early words
- DIt would improve memory for recently presented words
14Within working memory, "helpers" like the visuospatial buffer and articulatory rehearsal loop
- ACan take over some of the lower-level analyses ordinarily performed by the central executive
- BCan provide verbal, but not visual analysis of the memory items
- CCan provide short-term storage of items likely to be needed soon by the central executive
- DPreserve the items to be remembered in their initial sensory form (e.g. visual stimuli are preserved as visual images)
15A student wishes to memorise an essay so that he will be able to recall the essays content later on. Which of the following is likely to LEAST helpful to him?
- AMaking certain that he understands the argument contained within the essay
- BThinking about why the essay is organised the way that it is
- CReading the essay aloud over and over again
- DTrying to construct a paraphrase of the essay's content
16Which is the LEAST important for memory acquisition?
- AMemory connections
- BShallow processing
- COrganisation
- DUnderstanding
17In an experiment, participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room B. If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test, participants
- APerformed as well as they would have done had there been no room change
- BPerformed worse on the test due to dual-task memory distribution
- CPerformed the same as those participants in who were not asked to think about Room A
- DPerformed better than participants who were tested in Room B and were not asked to think about Room A, but worse than participants tested in Room A
18Donna says "I can't figure out where I've seen that person before but I know that I have" Donna
- AHas episodic memory for the face but no generic memory for the face
- BHas a sense of familiarity but no source memory
- CWould perform well on a recall test but not on a recognition test
- DSeems to have formed interim associates when she last encountered the face
19Which of the following examples is NOT considered evidence of an implicit memory?
- ADeclaring that George Washington was the first president of the United States
- BSuccessfully riding a bike
- CBelieving something is true because you have previously heard it
- DClassical conditioning
20Current evidence indicates that patients suffering from Korkakoff's Amnesia
- AShow greater disruption in implicit memory than in explicit memory
- BSuffer from disruption in both implicit and explicit memory
- CShow intact implicit memory with perceptual cues but disrupted implicit memory with conceptual cues
- DHave preserved implicit memory despite severe disruption in explicit memory
21Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included within a kitchen schema?
- AKitchens almost always contain a refrigerator
- BKitchens sometimes contain a coffeemaker
- CA kitchen usually contains a sink
- DMy Mother's kitchen contains a microwave oven
22The misinformation effect is an example of
- ASelective amnesia
- BSource confusion
- CRetrieval failure
- DMemory decay
23Emotion has multiple effects on the encoding and retrieval of memories.
Which of the following is most likely to occur during the recall of every day emotional stress?- AAmnesia
- BRepression
- CDecreased accuracy in recall
- DAccurate recall of events gist (e.g. the emotional events centre) but relatively poor recall of events background details ("periphery)
24The memory that contains the full recollection of our lives is referred to as __________ memory
- ASelf-recollective
- BAutobiographical
- CEmotional perspective
- DPersonal experience
25When we say "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Jones family"
We mean- AThere is at least one feature shared by all the members of the family
- BThere is at least one identifying trait such that if you have that trait, you are certain to be a member of the family
- CAny pair of family members will have certain traits in common even though there may be no traits shared by all of the family members
- DThere are several features that all members of the family have in common
26Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that
- ABoth theories require the triggering of a memory
- BBoth theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined
- CBoth theories require a judgement of resemblance
- DConclusions for both processes are based on resemblance
27The use of theories plays an important role in our conceptual knowledge.
Which of these is FALSE about the theories involved in conceptual knowledge?- AThey provide a knowledge base on which we can rely when thinking about an object. event or category
- BThey play a large part in determining how easily and quickly we learn new concepts
- CThey are often as precise and accurate as most scientific theories
- DThey often allow us to understand any new facts that we encounter about an object or category
28Which of the following benefits does a hierarchical network provide?
- AInformation can be searched for equally quickly across all levels of the network
- BIt is efficient because information is stored only once
- CInformation is stored repeatedly to ensure accuracy
- DInformation is organised according to use, so that more common representations can be accessed more quickly
29Which of the following claims is true for depiction of a cat but NOT for a description of a cat?
- AProperties strongly associated with the cat (e.g. the whiskers) will be particularly prominent
- BThe distinctive features of the cat (e.g. claws) will be particularly prominent
- CAspects of the cat that are obvious (e.g. the fact the cat has a body) are likely not to be prominent
- DThe cats head will probably be prominent, but the cats claws are likely not to be
30A researcher asks a participant to memorise a city map. On the map, the library and the school are 4cm apart; the school and the hospital are 8cm apart. The researcher now instructs the participant to form an image of the map and to scan the from the library to the school. The researcher then asks participant to scan from the school to the hospital. It is more likely true that the scanning time from the school to the hospital is ___________ the scanning time between the library and the school.
- AHalf
- BThe same as
- CTriple
- DDouble
31Image files in long-term memory
- AAre distinctive because special processes (like scanning and zooming) operate on them
- BHold large scale "templates" indicating how the image form looks
- CContain the instructions needed to create a mental image
- DUsually contain a picture-like representation of an image
32Homer, Lisa and Moe are asked to remember pairs of words. Homer tries to accomplish this task by rehearsing the words over and over again. Lisa decides to create a narrative combining the words together and finally, Moe decides to imagine the objects interacting in some way. Who is likely to remember the items?
- AHomer
- BLisa
- CMoe
- DThey will remember them equally well
33In one experiment, participants were asked to list either 6 or 12 instances in their lives when they were assertive. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the participants who were asked to list only 6 instances?
- AOverall, they rated themselves as less assertive
- BThey had an easier time fulfilling the task
- CThey were given an easier task than the 12-instance participants
- DThey relied on the availability heuristic when making their decision
34Reasoning from "man who" arguments is usually inappropriate. In fact, generalising from a single case is justified only
- AFor heterogeneous categories
- BWhen the sample size is adequate
- CWhen the base rates are unknown
- DFor truly homogeneous categories
35Research into whether personality traits can be diagnosed by descriptions of ink blots has shown that
- ANovices sometimes detect illusory co-variations but experts do not
- BBoth novices and experts are successful in finding true co-variations
- CNovices are often better than experts at detecting true co-variations as they are less likely to be affected by confirmation bias
- DThe pattern of observations that both experts and novices see if often not real but rather based on illusory co-variations
36Data format seems to play an important role in decision making because
- AThe correct format is more likely to trigger the necessary memory retrieval path
- BCertain formats, like frequencies are more likely to trigger System 1
- CCertain formats, like frequencies are more likely to trigger System 2
- DProportions are the easiest to understand
37One plan for solving a problem would be to consider every possible option, searching for the best solution. This broad plan is
- AUsually the best way to proceed for solving complicated problems
- BMore effective with ill-defined problems
- CUsually ruled out by the sheer number of possible states within the problem space
- DOften the only plan available
38Which of the following is NOT a procedure that makes analogy use more likely?
- AParticipants are given two analogous problems, rather than just one, before the test problem
- BParticipants are given financial bonuses for each one of the test problems they are able to solve
- CParticipants are given several training problems and asked to compare the problems to one another
- DParticipants are encouraged to work at understanding the solutions of the training problems so that they can explain the solutions later on
39Two groups of participants are given sets of training problems to solve. One group of participants is told to try to understand the structure of the problem, while the other group is asked to try memorise the problem. They are later given test problems. Based on previous evidence, what results would you expect to see at testing?
- AThe "memorise" group will be faster when solving the problems
- BThe "memorise" group will solve problems
- CThe "structure" group will solve more problems
- DThe groups will solve the same number of problems
40Melissa is a 35 year old woman. Over the next few decades, her intelligence will likely increase, while her ________ intelligence will likely decrease
- Acrystallised; memory
- Bcrystallised; fluid
- Cfluid; crystallised
- Dreasoning ability; memory
41The phase "memory without awareness" is another way of describing a pattern in which
- Aexplicit memory tests indicate that participants remember an event, but implicit memory tests indicate that they do not remember
- Bimplicit memory tests indicate that participants remember an event but explicit memory tests indicate that they do not remember
- Crecognition tests indicate that participants remember an event, but recall tests indicate that they do not remember
- Ddirect memory testing indicates that participants remember an event, but indirect testing indicates that they do not remember
42Lisa rides the train to work and always gets off at Stop A. One Saturday she has to into town, and she rides the same train she takes to work. She is supposed to get off at Stop F, but she starts talking to her mother on the phone and then gets off at Stop A. What does this tell us about unconscious processing?
- AUnconscious processing is impossible
- BUnconscious processing only causes problems
- CPeople tend to make the same mistakes over and over again
- DIf not consciously attending to what we are doing, we will rely on habit
43Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by practicing a task?
- AOnly one routine needs to be launched instead of several steps in order to complete a task
- BEach step in the task no longer needs to be monitored to decide when to start the next step
- CThe task can be completed without the need to pay attention, so that attention can be allocated elsewhere
- DPractice allows the mechanics behind the tasks to enter conscious awareness
44Billy thinks he understands the information from the textbook very well; however, he fails the quiz on the same material. Billy's error results from a failure of
- Aself-esteem
- Bmetacognition
- Cfalse memories
- Da problem-solving set
45If Sheila says "Pass the salt, please" you are likely to pass the salt. You'll probably respond in the same way if Sheila (a chemistry major) instead asks, "Could you please hand me the sodium chloride crystals?"
This observation seems to indicate that our behaviour is- APrimarily controlled by the physical characteristics of the stimuli we encounter
- BShaped by the literal meanings of the stimuli we encounter
- CDetermined by simple associations among the stimuli we encounter
- DGoverned by what stimuli we encounter mean to us
46Bert has sustained damage to part of his left temporal lobe, which is important for language production.
What of the following problems would we expect to see if Bert were given a memory test?- AHe would not be able to memorise visual shapes
- BHe would have difficulty rehearsing items with verbal labels
- CHis working memory would be entirely non-existent
- DNo working memory problems would be observed
47Introspection, by definition, CANNOT be used to study:
- ATopics that are strongly coloured by emotion
- BMental events that are unconscious
- CProcesses that involve conceptual knowledge
- DEvents that take a long time to unfold
48Which of the following would a classical behaviourist be LEAST likely to study?
- AA participants response to a particular situation
- BA participants beliefs
- CChanges in a participants behaviour that follow changes in the environment
- DPrinciples that apply equally to human behaviour and to the behaviour of other species
49Cognitive psychology often relies on the transcendental method in which
- AMental events are explained by referring to events in the central nervous system
- BInformation from introspection transcends behavioural data
- CResearchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events
- DTheories are tested via computer models
50Which of the Gestalt principles states that we tend to perceive objects in groups?
- ASimilarity
- BProximity
- CSimplicity
- DClosure
51Visual illusions often occur because
- Aones perception of the components of the stimulus are flawed
- Bones interpretation of the stimulus is incorrect
- Cones cognitive processes change when seeing an illusion
- Dof obstructions in the image
52Participants are shown the letter-string TPUM for 30 Ms and asked to identify what they saw. If they are going to answer incorrectly, which response are they most likely to give?
- AI did not see anything presented
- BOPUM
- CTRUM
- DTMPU
53On one trial of an experiment, a participant is shown the sequence GQXT. On a different trial, the participant is shown the sequence PAFE. On the basis of prior research, we should expect that
- APAFE will be easier to perceive than GWXT because detectors for PA and FE are likely to be well primed
- Bthe letter sequences will be equally difficult to perceive because neither is a word
- Cparticipants will perceive more of the letters in GWXT because they are likely to confuse PAFE with PACE or SAFE
- Dthe letter sequences will be equally difficult to perceive because both contain regular bigram patterns
54Biederman's recognition by components (RBC) model:
- Adoes not rely on a hierarchy of detectors
- Bmakes use of geon detectors, which in turn trigger detectors for geon assemblies
- Casserts that priming takes place primarily at levels higher than the level of geon detectors
- Dcan recognise three-dimensional objects provided they are seen from the appropriate viewing angle
55McClelland and Rumelhart's model of word recognition suggests detectors on separate levels can interact in a bidirectional manner. Biological evidence _______________ this notion because __________________.
- Asupports; visual processing is bidirectional
- Bsupports; there is parallel processing in the visual system
- Cdoes not support; visual processing is an entirely bottom-up process
- Ddoes not support; word recognition does not depend on visual processing
56In dichotic listening experiments, some aspects of the unattended message seem to leak through and are heard despite the participants intention to ignore the message. Which of the following statements reflects what is LEAST likely to leak through in this fashion?
- Amaterial that is easily distinguishable from the attended message in its semantic content
- Bmention of the participants name
- Cmention of a topic of personal importance to the participant
- Dmention of a movie that the participant recently watched
57Attention is limited in many ways. Which of the following statements is FALSE about attentional limits?
- AAttention is limited spatially
- BYou can divide attention if the tasks are very similar
- CAttention cannot be divided among similar stimuli
- DExpectation can influence attention
58Moore and Egeth (1997) asked participants to rate which of two lines was longer. Background dots were presented with the lines. On some trials, the dot pattern was a visual illusion, designed to manipulate the perceived length of the lines. Moore and Egeth found that
- AOne can be influenced by events of which one is not conscious
- BOne cannot have perception without consciousness
- CAttention and perception are necessary for consciousness
- DAttention requires perception
59The evidence from unilateral neglect patients and patients with normal attentional abilities suggests that
- ASpace-based attention is more important than object-based attention
- BObject-based attention is more important than space-based attention
- CBoth space and object-based attention are important in attention
- DAttention is a perfect cognitive system
60The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fast that
- Asimilar tasks will interfere with each other more than dissimilar tasks
- Bif a task has been heavily practised, it is less likely to cause interference with other tasks
- Csome brain lessons disrupt all tasks requiring attention
- Dinterference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks appear to have no elements in common
61A participant is shown a series of stimuli and is asked to name the colour of the ink in which the stimuli are printed. The eighth stimulus happens to be printed in green ink. We should expect a relatively slow response if the stimulus happens to be
- Aa series of green X's
- Bthe word RED printed in green
- Cthe participants name in green
- Dthe word GREEN printed in green
62According to the modal model of memory, words presented early in a list are easier to remember than words presented later because
- AThey are still residing in working memory at the time of the test
- BParticipants are particularly alert at the beginning of the list presentation
- CThe early words receive more of the participants attention than the later words
- DThe early words suffer from interference than the later words
63When thinking of a list of digits in terms of racing times, one person is found to report up to 79 digits. This suggests that this person
- AHas a larger working memory than most other participants
- BIs well practiced at memory retrieval
- CCan remember this information due to a unique chunking strategy
- DDoes not show the primacy or recency effect
64Which of the following exemplifies the memory effects of repeated exposure without intention to remember?
- AIrv is unable to describe the appearance of his wrist watch even though he has owned it for years and looks at it many times each day
- BMary is unable to recall the name of her first-grade teacher
- CTony is unable to remember his high school algebra even though he did well in his algebra courses
- DSamantha has managed, with some effort, to learn the names of all her classmates
65Reading your notes, or the textbook over and over again is NOT recommended as a study strategy because
- AIt is an elaborative way to learn information
- BIt encourages deep processing
- CIt is a passive form of learning
- DYou should be using a highlighter to identify important material
66A participant is trying to memorise theword “parade.” To help herself, she thinks about the word within a complicated sentence: “From their third-floor apartment, they had a great view of all the bands, the cowboys, and the floats in the Thanksgiving parade.” This learning strategy will produce
- Afine memory performance, but similar performance could be achieved with simpler sentences as long as they require the participant to think about the meaning of the word
- Bpoor memory performance because the complicated sentence draws attention away from the target word
- Cexcellent memory performance because the sentence involves a great deal of maintenance rehearsal
- Dexcellent memory performance because the strategy requires attention to meaning and provides many memory connections
67In a peg-word system, participants help themselves memorise a group of items by
- Aforming an elaborate sentence about each of the items to be remembered
- Bassociating each item with some part of an already memorised framework, or skeleton
- Cnaming the items to themselves over and over again
- Dplacing each item in its appropriate semantic category
68Several researchers have compared brain activity during the learning process for words that were later remembered or forgotten. Which of the following is NOT consistent with their findings?
- AIncreased activity in the hippocampus was associated with better retention
- BIncreased activity in the prefrontal cortex was associated with better retention
- CExposure to an item is enough for retention
- DLearning is an active process
69A researcher hypothesises that high doses of caffeine can produce context-dependent learning. To confirm this hypothesis, the researcher would need to show that
- Aparticipants learn more effectively if they drink several cups of coffee before studying the material to be learned
- Bparticipants’ recall performance is improved if they are tested soon after drinking several cups of coffee
- Cparticipants who drink a lot of coffee are, in general, likely to do better on memory tests
- Dif participants study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee, they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test
70Which of the following statements seems to be the best illustration of encoding specificity?
- ASusan is terrible at learning general arguments, although she is excellent at learning more specific claims
- BSusan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life
- CSusan easily learns material that is meaningful but cannot learn material that is
abstract - DSusan quickly masters new material if she knows some related information, but
she has trouble learning new material if the domain is new to her
71When a person experiences familiarity but no accompanying source memory, the
effect can be far-reaching but is unlikely to include- Athe person believing that a familiar statement is true, even though he or she
cannot remember where he or she heard it - Bthe person inaccurately accusing someone of a crime, merely because that
person seems familiar - Cthe person’s preferences changing in favor of the familiar information
- Dexplicit recollection of a person’s name or profession
- Athe person believing that a familiar statement is true, even though he or she
72Which of the following statements is NOT likely to be an influence of implicit
memory?- AParticipants know they have encountered the stimulus recently but cannot
recall the details of the encounter - BParticipants have a preference for a familiar stimulus in comparison to other,
new stimuli - CParticipants think a false, made-up phrase that they have heard recently is true
- DParticipants remember the circumstances in which they first encountered a
stimulus
- AParticipants know they have encountered the stimulus recently but cannot
73Cindy and Linda are both eyewitnesses to a bank robbery. At the police station,
they each select Mike from a police lineup and say, “He’s the thief!” It turns out,
though, that Mike has been a customer at the store at which Cindy works while Linda
has never before seen Mike. With this background- ACindy’s identification is more valuable to the police because she has an
advantage of familiarity and context - Bboth identifications are likely to be accurate because face recognition draws on
specialised mechanisms that work effectively with both familiar and unfamiliar
faces - CCindy’s identification is more valuable to the police because her recognition of
Mike will be more fluent than Linda’s, thanks to the previous encounters - DLinda’s identification is more valuable to the police because Cindy may have
been misled by the fact that Mike seemed familiar because of her other
encounters with him
- ACindy’s identification is more valuable to the police because she has an
74The famous patient H.M. was unable to remember events he experienced after his
brain surgery because of- Arepression
- Banterograde amnesia
- Cretrograde amnesia
- Dinfantile amnesia
75Theodore has suffered from Korsakoff’s amnesia for the last decade. Theodore is
LEAST likely to do which of the following actions?- Aaccurately recall events from early childhood
- Bhold a coherent conversation lasting many minutes
- Crecall events that occurred last month
- Drecognise people he met 18 years ago
76An important theme emerging from memory research is that memory connections:
- Aare crucial for recognition but are less important for recall
- Bcan improve our memory accuracy
- Cmake memories easier to locate but can lead to intrusion errors
- Dplay a role in implicit memory but not in generic memory
77When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g., “bed,” “rest,” “slumber,”
“dream,” “tired”), participants often (mis)recall the theme word to be part of the list
(e.g., “sleep”). This procedure is commonly referred to as the:- ADisclusion–Recall–Memory procedure
- BDecreased-Remembering-Magnitude procedure
- CDeese–Roediger–McDermott procedure
- DDaily-Reconstructing-Mnemonics procedure
78 Participants viewed a series of slides depicting a car accident. Immediately
afterward, half of the participants were asked, “How fast were the cars going when
they hit each other?” The other participants were asked, “How fast were the cars
going when they smashed into each other?” One week later, all participants were
asked more questions about the slides, including whether they had seen any broken
glass in the slides. A comparison of the two groups of participants is likely to show
that- Aparticipants who were asked the “smashed” question gave higher estimates
of speed and were more likely to remember seeing broken glass - Bthe groups gave similar estimates of speed, but the “smashed” group was more
likely to remember seeing broken glass - Cparticipants who were asked the “smashed” question gave higher estimates of
speed, but the groups gave similar responses to the “broken glass” question - Dthe minor contrast in how the groups were questioned had no effect on
participants’ memories
- Aparticipants who were asked the “smashed” question gave higher estimates
79 Someone versed in memory research could plant false memories in his or her
friends or family. Imagine you want to perform such an (unethical) act. Which
technique is LEAST likely to be effective in planting the false memories?- Arepeating the false suggestion several times
- Bgiving electrical shocks
- Cusing a plausible false event
- Dasking the individual to imagine the event
80 Which of the following claims about memory accuracy is FALSE?
- AParticipants’ confidence in their false memories is often just as great as their
confidence in their accurate recollections - BChildren may be even more vulnerable to the “planting” of false memories than
adults. - CWhen a participant’s response is based on a false memory, the response is likely
to be given just as quickly as it would be if based on an accurate memory - DParticipants are sometimes mistaken in their recollection of an event’s minor
details, but do not create an entirely new false memory
- AParticipants’ confidence in their false memories is often just as great as their
81You should be skeptical of “recovered” memories that were repressed because
- Amany painful events are well remembered
- Bretrieval failure may explain “recovered memories”
- Cif the memory was important enough to be repressed, it would be a flashbulb
memory and be robust to decay - Dsome recovered memories turn out to be false memories suggested by
therapists
82The effect that time has on forgetting is not monotonic. Forgetting is ________
over the first few minutes and hours and then ________ over subsequent decades.- Aslow; fast
- Bfast; very fast
- Cslow; very slow
- Dfast; slow
83The claim that mental categories have graded membership is the claim that
- Aone cannot specify precisely whether a test case is in the category
- Bsome category members are better suited than others as category members
- Ca participant’s belief about a category’s membership shifts as the participant
learns more about the category - Dmany category members approach the ideal for that category
84According to exemplar theory, typicality effects
- Aare difficult to explain
- Breflect the fact that typical category members are probably frequent in our
environment and are therefore frequently represented in memory - Care produced by the fact that the exemplars in memory for each category tend
to resemble each other - Dshould be observed with categories having homogeneous membership but not
with more variable categories
85 It is possible for a test case to be thought of as typical of a category, despite not
being a member of that category. Which of the following examples is consistent with
this idea?- AWhales are more typical of fish than sea lampreys
- BA squashed lemon that has been painted purple is more typical of fruit than an
apple - CPoodles are more typical of dogs than golden retrievers
- DAbraham Lincoln is a typical American president
86In one procedure, participants were asked to judge which was a “better” even
number, 4 or 18. The participants- Awere unable to perform this task
- Boffered judgments that show that well-defined categories do not show the
graded-membership pattern - Cregarded all of the even numbers as being “equivalently even”
- Dmade the judgment in a fashion that implied a graded-membership pattern
for the category “even number”
87 A mutilated lemon will still be categorised as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill
will not be categorised as money. What does this say about categorisation?- APsychologists will never understand categorisation
- BCategory membership cannot be based on resemblance alone
- CCategory membership is based on previously encountered examples
- DPrototype theory is the most accurate theory of categorisation
88One study found that if participants were told a new fact about robins, they would
also believe that the new fact was true of ducks. However, if told a new fact about
ducks, participants would not extrapolate this information to robins. This suggests
that- Aparticipants treat each category member independently (on a case-by-case
basis) when applying new beliefs - Bparticipants are willing to apply inferences from a typical case within a
category to the whole category but will not apply inferences from an atypical
case to the whole category - Cnew knowledge about a member of a category is unstable, leading to a change
in a person’s belief system only on rare occasions - Dbeliefs within a theory are less likely to affect typical category members than
atypical ones
- Aparticipants treat each category member independently (on a case-by-case
89According to a Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model, how is the fact “Neil
Armstrong was an astronaut” represented in the mind?- ANeurons that represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut are connected via a
synaptic junction - BNodes representing Neil Armstrong and astronaut are in close proximity to one
another - CA pattern of connections among many nodes represent Neil Armstrong and
astronaut separately, and through learning, these patterns begin to co-occur - DA single node representing Neil Armstrong is connected via a proposition to the
word “astronaut”
- ANeurons that represent Neil Armstrong and astronaut are connected via a
90In some studies, participants have been asked to visualise a particular stimulus
(e.g., the letter A). If the same stimulus is then presented at low contrast,
visualisation:- Ahas no effect on the perception of the stimulus
- Bprimes perception, but no more than when participants were asked to visualise a different letter (e.g., the letter B)
- Cdisrupts perception of the stimulus
- Dserves to prime perception of the stimulus
91The technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation employs strong magnetic
pulses at a particular site on the scalp. When it is used on the scalp near Area V1, the
effect is- Ato give the participant rich and detailed hallucinations
- Ba temporary disruption of vision but not visual imagery
- Ca permanent disruption of visual imagery, and therefore use of the technique is
unethical - Da temporary disruption of vision and visual imagery
92Participants are asked to perform an imagery task while simultaneously keeping
track of a visual target (a light that varies in brightness). The visual task will- Adisrupt the imagery task
- Bhave no effect on the imagery task
- Cdisrupt the imagery task if it requires visual imagery but not if the task can be
done with spatial imagery - Dcause the images to be less vivid but will have no other effects
93 If you are asked to imagine a three-dimensional cube, like a Necker cube, which is
ambiguous with respect to depth, your mental image will be- Abased on one configuration or the other
- Bable to be viewed from several angles, just as the picture would be
- Cindeterminate with regard to depth
- Dstatic and incapable of being altered
94“Image file” refers to
- Athe information that can be derived from a close inspection of a mental image
- Bthe portion of long-term storage that contains all of one’s knowledge about
visual appearances - Cthe memory representation of a basic element of visual appearance, such as the
representation for “red” or “circular” - Ddescriptive information in long-term memory used as the basis for creating an
active image
95The concept of boundary extension illustrates that
- Apeople understand a picture by means of a perceptual schema
- Bschemas influence memory for images, but not as much as they influence
memory for verbal information - Cpeople remember pictures in a “zoomed-in” manner
- Dsemantic knowledge has no influence on memory for images
96An employer interviews a job candidate for 15 minutes. On the basis of this, the
employer decides that the candidate will perform well in the job, so he hires her. This
is a case of a- Asound decision because the employer is making use of available information
- Bsound decision because the employer is employing base rates
- Cpotential error because the employer is assuming that a small sample of
information (the interview) is representative of a broader pattern (job
performance) - Dpotential error because the employer is relying on schema-based reasoning
rather than on deduction
97Participants are told that Flower A has a disease and are asked how likely it is that
all flowers will have the same disease. Which of these is LEAST likely to affect the
participant’s opinion?- Awhether the participant is an expert of flowers
- Bwhether Flower A is a typical flower
- Cwhether Flower A had been mentioned recently and so has been primed
- Da participant’s causal belief in how the disease infected Flower A
98 Reisberg suggests that illusory covariations arise from the fact that participants:
A. base their covariation estimates only on a small sample of the data that are
available to them- Abase their covariation estimates only on a small sample of the data that are
available to them - Bare generally dogmatic and make their judgments with little regard for the data
- Cdo not know how to compute covariation, so they use an estimation strategy
that is little better than guessing - Ddo not know how to make these judgments, so performance improves once the
participant gains some expertise
- Abase their covariation estimates only on a small sample of the data that are
99The law of large numbers implies that larger samples of data are less likely to show
accidental patterns; therefore, larger samples are generally more informative. In
making judgments about evidence, participants:- Aseem to understand and respect this law
- Bignore this law even though they do follow other principles of statistics
- Cfollow this law only if they have been trained in statistics
- Dignore this law in some situations but respect it in other situations
100Background knowledge can lead to mistakes, but it can also provide a benefit if:
- Athe person is aware of heuristics
- Bthe knowledge is about how the parts of the problem are related
- Cthe person is very confident in his or her knowledge
- Dit contains descriptive information
101 Belief perseverance is one of the phenomena used to demonstrate:
- Anormative thinking
- Bconfirmation bias
- Crigid thinking
- Dnonselective memory search
102A rooster thinks it causes the sun to rise, because every morning the rooster crows
and then the sun rises. This story illustrates which important point about reasoning?- ARoosters do not have the reasoning skills humans do, because humans would
never make this type of reasoning mistake - BSometimes there is no way to disprove something
- CA belief can be confirmed hundreds of times, but still be false.
- DIt is more important to confirm a theory than disconfirm it.
- ARoosters do not have the reasoning skills humans do, because humans would
103Which of the following is NOT a benefit received from using a means-end analysis
to solve a problem?- AIt highlights the differences between the current state and the goal state
- BIt often leads a person to break a problem into subproblems
- CIt provides guidelines for what a person should do to solve the problem
- DIt encourages the person to move away from the goal initially, so as to get to
the goal faster
104 If you are trying to help a friend use analogies in problem solving, which piece of
advice should you NOT give?- AAttend to the deep structure of the problem
- BTry to see the mapping between problems you already know and test problems
- CMemorise as many problems as you can
- DSearch your memory for content related to the deep structure of the problem,
not surface details
105Which of the following statements about creative people is most correct?
- ACreative people are fundamentally different from other people
- BCreative people have a cognitive architecture that is unlike the architecture for
less creative people - CCreative people typically rely on the same strategies and processes as less
creative people - DCreativity is typically associated with superior visual memory
106 In some procedures, participants are helped by an interruption during their
attempts at solving a problem. In explaining this effect, which of the following
hypotheses seems LEAST plausible in light of the available evidence?- AThe interruption provides an opportunity for participants to gather further
information about the problem - BThe interruption provides an opportunity for frustration or fatigue to dissipate
- CThe interruption allows participants to forget their earlier approaches to the
problem, thus enabling a fresh start - DThe interruption allows an opportunity for unconscious problem solving to
occur
- AThe interruption provides an opportunity for participants to gather further
107Some psychologists describe problem-solving as a process of searching. Which of
the following is NOT part of this description?- Athe problem’s initial state
- Bthe problem’s path conflicts
- Cthe problem’s goal state
- Dthe problem’s operators
108According to the scoring procedure originally used by Binet, a child who scores at
age 10 when he or she is only 8 would have an IQ of- A100
- B125
- C150
- D200
109Mark scored very well on a verbal intelligence test. How is he likely to score on a
visuospatial test of intelligence?- AHe will score below average on the visuospatial test
- BHe will score above average on the visuospatial test
- COne cannot assume how he will score because there is no correlation between
general and specialised intelligence - DHe will score similarly if he takes the test today, but his score will be very
different if he takes the test in a few months
110 Dr. Smarts is giving a test to a few students in his class. The test is very simple: he
presents two objects and asks the students to reply as quickly as possible if they
match (yes or no). Student 1 replies faster than student 2. What does this indicate
about the students’ intelligence levels?- AStudent 2 is more intelligent than student 1
- BStudent 1 is more intelligent than student 2
- CBoth students are likely to have above average intelligence
- DReaction time on this task is not correlated with intelligence
111 Which of the following is NOT an example of the principle, “We are aware of
products but not of processes”?- AJeff knew that the stimulus seemed familiar, but he did not know why
- BJesse believed that the stimulus was “cake,” but he could not tell whether he
had seen the stimulus or just inferred it - CJeremy suddenly found himself thinking about marriage, and he could not figure
out what had brought this idea into his thoughts - DJacob wanted to do well on the spelling test, but he did not know the best
way to study the words
112When asked to introspect about their reasons for making a particular choice,
participants- Asometimes offer an explanation with great confidence even though the
explanation names factors that they know to be irrelevant and leaves out factors
that they know to be crucial - Bcan usually specify their reasons and can also report on the processes used for
selecting the reasons - Coften have no idea about their reasons, but if they are able to report their
reasons, they are likely to be correct - Dreport their reasons in general terms but do so with little confidence
- Asometimes offer an explanation with great confidence even though the
113Our thoughts seem to be embedded in a context that is usually not noticed yet
serves to define and guide the thoughts. Which of the following is NOT an example of
this sort of context?- ADiscovery based on mental imagery is influenced by the perceptual reference
frame for the image - BDecisions are guided by how the decision is framed
- CThe meaning of the terms involved in our thoughts is clarified by the
surrounding context of thought - DPerception of a word or object is strongly shaped by the other words and
objects that surround the target
- ADiscovery based on mental imagery is influenced by the perceptual reference
114Which of these is NOT an example of causal attribution in unconscious thinking?
- AJenny believes she remembers the colour of her last birthday cake
- BLouise finds a name familiar so she believes it belongs to a famous person
- CAbby remembers the face of a man so she believes the man was part of a
robbery - DIn an experiment, Jane is willing to experience a higher intensity of electric
shock as she believes any adverse reactions are the side effects of a pill that she
took prior to the experiment.
115 Patients who have experienced damage to the striate cortex sometimes show a
phenomenon known as blind sight. In this case, most patients- Acan consciously see where an object is but cannot identify it
- Bcan consciously report the identity of an object but not where it is located
- Care blind yet incorrectly report that they can see the identity and location of an
object - Doften guess correctly in response to what they have seen or where an object
is located even though they report that they cannot see it
116Which of these is the best example of an action slip?
- ADarren was distracted and so took his usual route home from work instead of
turning left at the traffic light to go to his friend’s house, as he had intended - BDavid mistakenly pushed over a vase of flowers when he was reaching for his
keys - CDaniel did not check the address of his dentist, as he mistakenly believed he
remembered it correctly - DDerek reread the paragraph to make sure that he fully understood its content,
even though he did not learn anything new from this second reading
- ADarren was distracted and so took his usual route home from work instead of
117Describe the mental activities that are included in cognitive psychology
- APerception, Attention, Memory, Concepts, Language, Visual Knowledge, Judgement/Decisions, Reasoning/Problem-Solving
- BPerception, Attention, Focus, Concentration, Language, Knowledge, Reasoning
118The field of introspect was founded by
- AWilhem Wundt and Edward Titchner
- BJosh B. Watson
- CImmanuel Kant
119The field of behaviourism was founded by
- AJohn B. Watson
- BWilhelm Wundt
120What is the process of Immanual Kant's Cognitive Resolution?
- AInput (cause), Output (effect)
- BOutput (cause), Input (effect)
- CInput (effect), Output (Cause)
- DOutput (effect), Input (cause)
Información
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- Test sobre HPS203 EXAM REVISION, creado por kayla orphanos el 22/05/2017.
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