Fichas
Geography - resources
Fichas del conjunto (75)
- 1Foodfuel for our bodies
- 2Waterdrinking
washing
grow food
industry - 75% uk - 3Energyheat
power machinery
food
building - 4Global inequality foodaverage calorie consumption
uk 3,200 somalia 1,580
areas of greatest population growth have highest levels of undernourishmenr - 5Global inequality watersupply of freshwater limited and unequally distributed
water footprint calculated to compare consumption (amount of water used e.g. tap and to produce food etc)
global average 1,240l
usa 2,483l
bangladesh 896l
sudan - economic water scarcity as not enough money to access
saudi arabia - physical water scarcity due to climate - 6Global inequality energyrichest 1 billion people consume 50% of world's energy
poorest 1 billion 4% - 7Growing demand for essential resourcesdevelop new processes, products and change way of life
lics and nees developing industrially and economically - increased demand fro resources e.g. china 53% increase in energy between 2003 and 2011 - 8Changing demand for foodmajority of food was seasonable and sourced in uk and preserved for eating out of season
now eaten all yaer round - seasonal fruits imported
2013 47% of uk's food imported - 9Opportunities in LICsnon-seasonal food imported from kenya/ caribbean
high value foods can fetch up to 5x higher prices
creates jobs for local people in farming, packaging and transport
taxes paid to government to fund services - 10Challengesless land available for locals to grow food to eat (used for high-value crops to export)
crops often need lots of water (water supply may be poor or unreliable)
pesticides - 11Demand for organic produce(not using any chemicals e.g. pesticides)
- aim to protect environment by using natural predators to control pests
- farmers maintain soil fertility by rotating crops and using natural fertilisers
- weeds controlled by mechanical weeding
- animals farmed without antibiotics/ hormones to increase growth
demand rising as people learning more and becoming more concerned about effect on health and environment
more expensive so decline in purchases 2009-11 due to recession (organic farming lower yield)
supermarkets now account for 75% of organic food sales - more widely available - 12Food milesdistance food travels from producer to consumer
uk 30 billion km every year
green beans from kenya 6,818km to uk - 13Carbon footprintmeasure impact human activities have on environment (amount of greenhouse gases produced)
- 14How importing food increases carbon footprinttransport to import food adds over 19 million tonnes of co2 to atmosphere uk
food contributes at least 17% total uk co2 emissions - 11% due to transport
however producing in uk can create higher emissions e.g. tomatoes - heated greenhouses
plane 100x emissions than boat - 15Alternatives to importing food- eating seasonal produce grown in uk
- limiting imported goods that can't be grown in uk
- limiting air transport
- eating locally produced food - limits food miles and supports farmers
- growing food at home
co-op red tractor scheme - only british meat and inspected for safety, welfare and environmental impacts - 16Agribusinesstreating food production from farms like large industrial business - large scale and capital intensive
leads to increasing farm size by:
- removing hedgerows
- increasing field sizes and combining smaller family farms
- increasing mechanisation
increased production of food but impacts environment and local production
e.g. east anglia - farm sizes increased dramatically and lead to decline in agricultural employment - 17Increase in water usageaverage household amount increased by 70% since 1985
increase in wealth - domestic appliances
personal hygiene
demand for out-of-season food requiring irrigation
industrial production
leisure
increased population - 18Inequalityaverage person uk 150l a day
47l africa - 19Water surplus and deficit UK1/3 of uk population live in south east - driest part of uk (london near continent so not weather from atlantic)
population growing most quickly - highest level of water stress - 20Water stressdemand for water exceeds available amount during certain period
- 21Water transfer schemesto make up for eater shortages by constructing systems of canals, pipes and dredging over long distances to transport water from one river basin to another
considered national water grid - would flow through pipes from areas of surplus e.g. wales to areas of deficit e.g. london but enormous costs involved - 22Concernsimpact on environment of river basin in source area
dams may disrupt ecology and block migrating species
increased carbon emissions to pump long distances
displacement of local communities
potential droughts in river source basin due to removal of water - 23Smaller scale transfer schemesreservoirs in mountainous areas of north wales and the lake district provide water for densely populated urban areas in northwest - liverpool and manchester
kielder dam in northumberland (supplies industrial north) - water supplies newcastle sunderland and middlesbrough - transfereed through rivers
other benefits:
-300,000 tourists and year - £6 million
- conservation areas
- hep 6mw - 24Water pollutiononly 27% of water in uk 'good' status
(eu water framework directive) - 25Causes of pollution- chemicals e.g. pesticides and fertilisers run off from farming land
- hot water used for cooling processes pumped into rivers
- untreated waste from industry
- runoff from roads
- rubbish
- oil from ships
- sewage pumped into sea - 26Effect of water pollution UK- poisons wildlife and toxins can be passed on to humans
- supply of drinking water poisoned
- increased water temps kill wildlife and disrupt habitats
- fertilisers can increase nutrients in water - growth of algae leading to eutrophication (not enough oxygen and block sunlight)
- pesticides kill important parts of ecosystem
- fishermen/ tourist industry may suffer
- microorganisms in sewage can cause spread of infectious diseases - 27Management of water quality- legislation (limit factories/ farms on discharge, clear regulations and penalties)
- education campaigns
- waste water treatments
- building better treatment plants and investing in new infrastructure (prevent leaks)
- pollution traps e.g. reed beds near motorways
- green roofs and walls (filter pollutants) - 28Energy demand UKtoday less energy despite extra 6.5 million people
household 12% less
industry 60% less
- more efficient in production and use
- rise in less energy-intensive service sector
50% rise transport sector
- 1970 10 million cars today over 27 million
- increase in air travel - 29UK energy mixfossil fuels 59%
- release co2 when burnt
- burnt directly to produce heat
- generate electricity/ power vehicles and machinery
nuclear 19%
- uses uranium to produce heat in nuclear reactor and used to turn turbine
renewable 22%
- sun, wind, waves, tides, running water, geothermal + methane produce from landfill sites burnt (biomass)
- high costs and little energy produced
- clean - 30Changing energy mixreduction in reserves of oil and gas
reduction production of coal
increasing reliance on imported fossil fuels
2013 47% import dependency (nearly double 2009)
still some supplies less accessible areas e.g. shetland islands
government encouraging investment in renewables 2014 solar capacity nearly doubled to 5.4 gigawatts - 31Economic and environmental issues fossil fuels- remaining coal hard to access so expensive to mine
- last coal mine closed 2015 so has to be imported
- waste expensive to clean
- costs associated with global warming
BUT creates jobs and brings money to area - multiplier effect
- high carbon emissions
- opencast mines ugly and disturb wildlife and people - 32Nuclear- expensive to build power stations and transport nuclear waste
- expensive to decommission
BUT jobs and energy cheaper
- waste must be stored to avoid contamination
- radiation long-term impacts
BUT cleaner and less polluting - 33Renewables- high set-up costs
- can reduce tourism
- low profitability
BUT jobs in manufacture and reasearch
- wind turbines affect bird migration and in sea impact on currents and fish
- ugly and noisy
BUT lower carbon emissions, artificial reef and land can be used for other things - 34Water2.5% of all water freshwater and 79% of this unusable - ice sheets and glaciers
- 35Increasing water consumptionpopulation growth - consumption for domestic use rising + food production (more for irrigation and livestock)
economic development
- growth for commercial agriculture - increased demand for irrigation water
agriculture 82% water use lics (10% industry), 30% hics (59% industry)
- growth of manufacturing industries
- rising living standards increasing domestic consumption - 36Sources of waterrivers and lakes
aquifers - natural underground stores where water collects in porous rocks (wells/ boreholes)
reservoirs - 37Factors affecting water availabilityclimate - tropical + temperate most water, mountainous areas
hot and dry climates large water consumption e.g. irrigation
geology - important to create aquifers/ groundwater stores (syclines - thick layer of porous rock between layers of non-porous rock)
people - pollution
over-abstraction (pumping from rivers and lakes and underground faster than it's replenished by rainfall) - leads to sinking water table and higher extraction costs + can lead to intrusion of saltwater + rivers less reliable
limited infrastructure
poverty - 38Impacts of water insecuritywaterborne diseases
food production
industrial output
conflicts - 39Waterborne diseasesrivers carry away waste water from homes and industry but when unable to flow pollution builds up
hazardous chemicals from manufacturing and agriculture causes severe pollution
human contact with polluted water causes infectious diseases e.g. cholera and malaria - 40Food productioncommercial agriculture now heavily reliant on irrigation to increase yield
livestock quality may also decline - 41Industrial outputprice of water could rise which would affect profitability so may have to charge more - reduced output as less sales
manufacturing industries e.g. iron, steel, chemicals and textiles
energy production for hep and coal, oil gas and nuclear power as cooling water - 42Conflictsscarcity of water valuable commodity - international tensions
large river basins and inland waters may be shared between 2/3 countries
e.g. river jordan boundary israel and jordan and runs through syria and lebanon - all suffer of water insecurity - 43Strategies to increase water supplywater transfer schemes
more dams and larger reservoirs
desalination - 44Water transfer schemesmoving surplus water to where there is deficit
e.g. mountainous areas of mid-wales heavy rainfall - water moved by pipeline to larger urban populations + river severn water used to supply half of bristol's water - 45Disadvantagesexpensive
environmental impacts on donor region e.g. damaged fish stocks and increased population
can encourage unsustainable and wasteful use of water in receiving region - 46More dams and larger reservoirsconstructing dams across valleys/ artificial lake with embankment
- 47Disadvantages- expensive (water sales rarely cover construction costs over many decades)
- cause disruption
- environmental costs - ecosystems destroyed by flooding + interferes with migrating fish, algae trapped deoxygenates water, river bank erosion downstream
- more water evaporates than is consumed by people (sunlight and wind causing evaporation from surface) - 48Desalinationremoval of salt and other minerals from seawater
more countries looking to desalination due to increasing water costs and cheaper technology - 49Process1. sea water drawn in at low speeds
2. pre-treatment filters remove solids
3. reverse osmosis - passed through fine membranes under high pressure leaving sea water concentrate behind
4. desalinated water remineralised and stored
5. seawater concentrate returned to ocean - 50China South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP)to move huge quantities of water from the humid south to the arid north
economic growth concentrated on north china plain - around megacities of beijing and tianjin
huge water demand over 200 million people + irrigation and thirst-heavy indsutries
shortage of rainfall in north so water from groundwater - water table below beijing dropping 5m a year + some wells 1km - 51CostUS$62 billion
- 52How big12 trillion gallons
1000km along 3 routes - eastern, central and western - 53Eastern routecompleted 2013
water for domestic and industrial use by tianjin and weihai
mainly existing canals, rivers and lakes - polluted by agriculture and industry so unless cleaned risk of transferring polluted water - 54Central routeopened 2014
water for 20 large cities inc. beijing
displacement 300,000 people to create reservoir - 55Disadvantagesfarmers will not benefit
changed drainage patterns and river flows
wildlife and ecosystems disturbed - 56Western routehas been put on hold
will involve constructing several dams and hundreds of km of tunnels through mountains - controversial due to huge construction and environmental costs
also crosses area with frequent earthquakes - 57Current situationafter 15 years still not completed
- 58Benefitsreliable water supply in water-deficient north
safe water - health risks
industrial growth
irrigation - 59Costsdisplacement of huge number of people
wildlife and ecosystems disturbed
huge investment
south may become dry
evaporation losses canals - 60Challengessince 1960s severe droughts in south - not as much water
evaporation losses in eastern and middle
doubts benefits worth cost now $79 billion (world's most expensive) - 61Other ways to save water without damaging environment - growth of Chinese economy slowing downimprove efficiency of water distribution networks and reduce water loss
improve water use efficiency - agriculture
increase price to decrease demand
reuse by investing in water treatment + tighten controls on pollution
recharge and conserve groundwater stocks - 62Water conservationmanage freshwater as sustainable resource
protect from overuse and pollution
meet present and future water demands - 63Sustainable water supplybalance between water supply and consumption and maintain it as demand rises
use water more efficiently - less wastage - 64Groundwater managementconducted at local aquifer or drainage basin level
aim to ensure groundwater supplies not heavily stressed by overuse and pollution
- reduce amount of permitted pumping
- recharge groundwater with reclaimed or treated grey water
- identify polluters and stop their discharges
strategies
- cutting back domestic use
- stopping leaks
- improving irrigation
- controlling pollution - 65Cutting back domestic use- reduce no of showers and length
- only use washing machine when fully loaded
aim to minimise individual water footprints - 66Stooping leakagesevery day in england and wales 20% of water supply lost through leaking pipes
- 3.3 billion litres which would meet the daily needs of 21.5 million people - 67Improving irrigation practicesirrigation one of the largest consumers of water but least efficient
should be transported through low pressure pipes not open canals to reduce evaporation
drip irrigation better than spray irrigation - much lost through evaporation and not much reaches roots - 68Controlling pollutionindustry often largest consumer in hics
+ largest polluter
factories discharge liquid waste into rivers
agriculture chemicals also enter by seepage or runoff - 69Reclaimed waterrecycling water - sewage water treated to remove solids and impurities
more sustainable and environmentally friendly than discharging into sea - 70Grey waterused water from sinks, showers, washing machines
may contain traces of dirt, food, hair, cleaning products but can be collected and reused e.g to water garden/ flush toilet
goes through sand filter (in garden)
not common:
- expensive to install and maintain
- if left too long in storage tank quality can decline as bacteria levels rise - 71Importance of water LICsgreater shortage of safe water in lics and nees
1/6 of world pop. no access to safe water
2 million children die every year due to diseases caused by unclean water and poor sanitation
increased need for sustainable water supplies as often in water-deficient parts of the world and modern technology not available to overcome water deficit - 72Strategies LICsmost small-scale and local
appropriate technology
money and technology from international aid organisations e.g. wateraid and oxfam
have promoted WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) - 73Hitosa project Ethiopiahitosa largely rural area 160km from ethiopa capital
ethiopia one of poorest countries in world - very hot and dry and has been intensively framed
gravity-fed water scheme 1990s
water taken from permanent springs high on slopes mt bada
flows through pipeline to over 100 public water points and nearly 150 private connections (agriculture) - 74Successesconstruction completed on time and within cost - wateraid provided over half of funding + designed and supervised
continues to supply reliable water supply
over 65,000 people 25l of water a day
managed by local communities
people charged small amount for water - mainly to maintain infrastructure (no misuse of funds)
people spend less time collecting water from rivers
cattle fattening new business in area - 75Problemspipeline supplied by uk - may be too costly to replace after expected lifetime of 30 years
didn't include education about hygiene and sanitation - hygiene around tap stands neglected so increased risk of disease
agriculture using too much
encouraged migration - threatens sustainability
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- - XGCSE Fichas sobre Geography - resources, creado por Emily H el 28/05/2018.
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- Emily H
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