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- 1AbrasionA wearing away or rubbing away by friction from stones in the river rubbing against the bed and the bank
- 2AttritionThe act of rubbing together two stones in transit
- 3BedloadThe sediment carried along the bed (bottom of the river)
- 4CorrosionErosion by chemical action
- 5depositionThe natural process of laying down a deposit of river sediments
- 6FlocculationThe process by which colloidal (i.e clay-size) particles join together
- 7Freeze ThawBreaks down rock when water gets into rock joints or cracks and then freezes and expands, breaking the rock
- 8Hydraulic ActionThe erosion of material from a stream channel by the force of flowing water
- 9SaltationThe movement of sand or other sediments by short jumps and bounces that are caused by the water
- 10SolutionWhere rocks are dissolved into river water
- 11SuspensionThe constant transit of sediment in river water
- 12TractionThe rolling action of sediment across a river bed
- 13Cross sectional areaA shape exposed by making a straight cut through a river from bank to bank.
- 14Hydraulic radiusRatio of the cross-sectional area of the channel and the length of its wetted perimeter. Shows the efficiency of a channel
- 15River dischargeVolume of water moving past a particular location in a river (in a unit of time); Q = WxDxV
- 16River velocityShould increase downstream due to the decreasing impact of friction
- 17Stone shapeShould go from angular to round downstream
- 18Stone sizeShould decrease downstream due to the impacts of erosion
- 19Turbulenceinstability in the river channel
- 20Wetted perimeterarea of water in contact with the river bed and banks
- 21Base levellowest point to which a stream can erode its channel
- 22Eustaticglobal changes in sea level
- 23Fjordsdrowned glacial valleys - narrow deep inlets of the sea set between high rocky cliffs
- 24Flandrian transgresionA period of rapid sea level rise at the end of the last ice age
- 25Incised meandersMeanders that have been eroded vertically downwards
- 26IsostaticLOCAL changes in sea level resulting in the rise and fall of land masses
- 27Knick pointsbreaks in gradient along the long profile of a river, usually marked by rapids or a waterfall. The knick-point is where the old long profile joins the new.
- 28Raised beachesThe phenomena of a coastline that is raised above the current beach
- 29RejuvenationProcess during which a stream resumes downcutting toward its base level, increasing its rate of flow
- 30RiasWhen ice melted and sea levels rose, often drowning estuaries
- 31River terraceA flat, step-like surface standing above the floodplain of a stream and representing an erosional remnant of an older floodplain.
- 32Thermal expansionThe increase in volume of the sea due to an increase in temperature, causing sea level rise
- 33AbrasionA key process deepening plunge pools
- 34Helicoidal flowThe corkscrew-like motion that occurs in a meander.
- 35Inside of meander bendDeposition occurs due to shallow depth
- 36Meandersa curve in a stream
- 37Outside of meander bendErosion occurs due to greater depths and velocities
- 38Ox Bow lakesHorse shoe shaped scars that form when a river takes a more direct path, cutting off the meandering part of the river.
- 39Plunge poolArea found at the base of a waterfall often deeper than the surrounding river
- 40Pool and riffle sequenceAlternating deep and shallow areas along a rivers course
- 41PotholesHoles carved into rock at the base of river with a whirlpool action.
- 42Rapidsa dangerous part of a river which flows very fast because it is steep and sometimes narrow
- 43Thalwegdeepest and fastest part of flow
- 44Waterfallsformed when softer rock erodes away faster than hard rock
- 45Whin sillThe tough rock found on the surface layer of High Force waterfall
- 46Alluviumclay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down
- 47Arcuate deltaHas many distributaries that carry water and sediment across a very symmetrical delta that has the shape of a inverted cone.
- 48Birds foot deltaA more spread out delta, like the Misissippi
- 49Braided streamsAn interwoven stream channel caused by accumulated sediments choking off the channel and the stream splitting into several smaller streams. Occurs when the load supplied to a stream exceeds capacity
- 50Deltaa low triangular area where a river divides before entering a larger body of water
- 51Depositionthe natural process of laying down a deposit of something, key in delta fomation
- 52Flocculationthe process by which colloidal (i.e. clay-size) particles join together in river deltas
- 53Floodplaina low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding
- 54ForebedsThe front layers of sediment in a river
- 55LeveeA long ridge formed by the coarsest deposits of sediments ALONGSIDE a river channel
- 56Turbidity currentsa flow of water that carries large amounts of sediments. like an underwater avalanche
- 57Base levelLowest elevation to which the stream can erode downward, for many streams, the water surface level of the body of water into which they flow
- 58ross profileWhat a river looks like across its valley and channel
- 59Lateral erosionthe tendency of low gradient stream to erode banks (sides) of channel creating wide valley floors
- 60Long profilesummary of the shape and gradient of a river bed from source to mouth
- 61River BreamishA river in Northumberland that shows the long profile of a river
- 62River gradeThe concept of a river being in equilibrium
- 63Vertical erosionDownward cutting action of a river that deepens its bed, often forming a V-shaped valley in the upper courses of rivers.
- 64CapacityThe total amount of load that a river can carry given the energy available
- 65Clay particlesTiny particles between 0.001 and 0.01mm in size
- 66CobblesSediments between 20 and 300mm in size
- 67CompetenceThe largest size of sediment that a river can carry
- 68Critical deposition velocityThe velocity at which particles of particular sizes are laid down
- 69Critical erosion velocitythe lowest velocity at which grains of a certain size can be moved.
- 70Depositionthe natural process of laying down a deposit of something
- 71Erosionthe mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)
- 72Hjulstrom curveA graph showing the relationship beween river velocities and erosion, deposition and transportation
- 73River transportThe movement of sediment of all sizes in a river
- 74Sand particlesSediments between 0.1 and 2mm in size
- 75AntecedentThe preceding conditions before a storm event
- 76Base flowthe portion of the discharge of a stream CONTRIBUTED BY GROUNDWATER FLOW
- 77CuMECsCubic metres per second
- 78Cubic metres per secondThe volume of water a river transports over a given amount of time.
- 79Falling limbWhere levels in the river are descending
- 80FlashyA river that is quick to rise and fall during a rain event
- 81Hydrographa graph of stream stage or discharge against time
- 82Lag timeTime that passes between the point when precipitation is at its highest and the highest peak in river discharge
- 83Peak dischargeThe highest amount of water in a river following a rain event
- 84Peak rainfallThe greatest amount of rainfall that falls in a storm
- 85Rising limbThe part of a hydrograph
showing the rise in river
levels - 86River RegimeThe variation of river discharge due to precipitation, evaporation, temperature or drainage basin characteristics over a year.
- 87ConfluenceConfluence
- 88Drainage basinthe geographical area draining into a river or reservoir
- 89Evaporationthe process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
- 90EvapotranspirationThe loss water from the soil through both evaporation and transpiration from plants.
- 91Ground water flowthe flow of water underground
- 92Infiltrationwater that is absorbed by the soil
- 93InterceptionAs precipitation approaches the surface, some of the rainfall will strike plant leaves, branches and other objects that protrude from the ground surface.
- 94PercolationThe downward movement of water from soil into rock due to gravity
- 95Precipitationthe falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)
- 96Stem flowflow of water down the BRANCHES, TRUNKS, STUMPS of vegetation reaching the ground
- 97Surface runoffwater that flows over land until it reaches lakes, rivers, or other areas
- 98ThroughflowThe water that moves down-slope through the subsoil, pulled by gravity.
- 99Transpirationthe emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants
- 100Tributarya branch that flows into the main stream
- 101Water budgetPrecipitation - (runoff+evapotranspiration)
- 102Water tableunderground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water
- 103Watersheda ridge of land that separates two adjacent river systems
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por a.m-p el 18/12/2014.
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